Resolution Varnishes

Triterpenoid resins used as varnishes on paintings were first studied with GALDI-MS by Zumbiihl et al. [3,4], He realised that freshly bought commercial resin, usually considered fresh , is actually in an advanced stage of oxidation. Additional experiments were performed later on with improved mass resolution that allowed more detailed conclusions [34 36],... 

Resolution of the Council of Europe AP (96) 5 on varnishes intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. 

Figure 8.6 High resolution transmission electron microscopy imagery reveals manganese and iron minerals that appear to be moving from the granular remnants of bacterial sheaths into adjacent clay minerals. The granular textures found between layered varnish consist of Mn-Fe precipitates on bacterial remains (Krinsley, 1998). Images are of varnishes from (A) Nasca, Peru (B, E) Death Valley (C, D) Kaho olawe, Hawaii (F) Antarctica. Scale bars in nanometres.

Table 8.6 Different methods that have been used to assess rock varnish chronometry. The refinement of age resolution is either relative, calibrated by independent age control, correlated to discrete events, or numerical based on radiometric measurements...

Krinsley, D. (1998) Models of rock varnish formation constrained by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Sedimentology 45, 711-725. 

Once the pod tree [Caesalpinia spinosa) is harvested, it is washed and dried, and then the seed is removed from the pod. Following the separation, the separately ground pit shell, which is an extraordinary product, is exported as a raw material for the production of tannic acid, which is widely used in the chemical, paint, and high-quality fur industries and pharmaceuticals. The seeds, or the pips, after undergoing a thermal-mechanical process, result in a gum from the endosperm, which is an alternative to the traditional rubber in the global food industry, pharmaceuticals, paints, and varnishes, among others. This gum has been approved by resolution of September 26, 1996 (ECC N° E-417) by the European Community for use as a thickener and stabilizer in food for human consumption. Thus came into picture the global market for food hydrocolloids as an alternative product to the locust bean gum, produced in Spain and the Middle East. 

Features Curing agent for maintenance and marine coatings, overprint varnishes, masonry and pool coatings, adhesives, caulks, grouts flexibilizer for thermoplastic polyamides Properties Gardner < 9 cotor dear appearance dens. 8.1 Ib/gal vise. 150,000 poise amine no. 85-95 flash pt. (CC) > 160 C 100% solids Epikure 3100-ET-60 [Resolution Perl. Prods.]... 

There have been several reports of the use of conunercial NSOM with a W-tip coated with varnish for SECM and photoelectrochemical experiments (11). However, no SECM approach curves for these tips have been shown. Most recently, Lee and cowoikers (10,12) have demonstrated the combined tuning fork-based NSOM/SECM technique to simultaneously obtain topographic, electrochemical, and optical images of an interdigitated array electrode. Although the resolution is still on the order of pm, with the construction of a smaller tip an improved spatial resolution should be possible, leading to NSOM combined with SECM and simultaneous topography. 

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