Residual relative displacement

A directional G/F relay basically is a power-measuring device, and is operated by the residual voltage of the system in conjunction with the residual current detected by the three CTs used for non-directional protection, as shown in Figure 21.19. To provide directional protection, therefore, a residual VT is also essential, in addition to the three residual CTs. The voltage phasor is used as a reference to establish the relative displacement of the fault current. In healthy conditions, i.e. when the current flows in the right direction. = 0. (refer to. Section 15.4.3 for details), and the relay remains inoperative. The relay operates only when the current flows in the reverse direction. 

Simulations were then carried out for 116 ps for both the wild-type and the mutant. The RMS (simulation structure vs starting equilibrated structure) for the mutant [G12A] structure did not equilibrate, whereas the wild-type strucmre did equilibrate over the length of the simulation. Whereas the N-terminus attachment to the main body of the mutant protein remained, the mutation at position 12 led to a relative displacement of the residue 31-47 domain from the residue 1-30 domain. 

The coordinating properties of a zinc 2,2 -bipyridyl unit with adenosine 5 -triphosphate and cytidine 5 -triphosphate were studied in aqueous solution. The binding of zinc to both phosphate and ATP nitrogen donor was observed with the potential for displacement of the ATP nitrogen donor by hydroxide.426 The interaction of zinc with the phosphate groups in a platinum(II) bound 2 -deoxyguanosine 5 -monophosphate has been studied in aqueous solution, with little difference noted in the coordinating properties of the phosphate residue or backbone relative to the free nucleobase.427... 

K for myoglobin (Parak et al., 1981). Thus, measurements of (x ) at temperatures below this value should show a much less steep temperature dependence than measurements above, if nonharmonic or collective motions (whose mean-square displacement is denoted (x )c) are a significant component of the total (x ). Figure 21 illustrates the expected behavior of (x )v, x, and their sum for a simple model system in which a small number of substates are separated by relatively large barriers. In practice, the relative contributions of simple harmonic vibrations and coUective modes will vary from residue to residue within a given protein. 

Intuitively one would expect the greater ease of displacement of bromine to strongly favour units 2 over 4 and that most of the residual bromine would be present in units 3. This could lead to the conclusion that the "missing" peak is due to the replacement of units 1 by units 3 in the 2-bromo, relative to the 2,4,6-tri-chlorophenoxide derived polymer. Unfortunately this hypothesis is not consistent with the spectrum of the 2-bromo/4-bromophenoxi-de copolymer which, despite the undoubted inclusion of many units 1, only has two peaks in the 130 ppm region. 

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