Replacement of Cu with

An interesting formation of bi-metallic catalysts involves flic use of underpotential deposition (UPD) of Cu onto, e.g., Au [98]. Subsequently, die copper can be displaced by metals such as Pt, Pd, or Ag that are driven through favorable AG values. The replacement of Cu with metal, M, is an irreversible, spontaneous redox process, expressed through the respective equilibrium potentials (E), as follows ... 

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