Regeneration sugar

DecoloriZation. Filtration, often a refinery botdeneck, especially with poor-quaHty raw sugar, is foUowed by decolorization with bone char (traditional), granular activated carbon (now most common), ion-exchange resias, or any combination of these. Comparative merits and regeneration of these decolorizing systems are a frequent topic ia the Hterature (r6—r8,rll). 

Because enzymes can be intraceUularly associated with cell membranes, whole microbial cells, viable or nonviable, can be used to exploit the activity of one or more types of enzyme and cofactor regeneration, eg, alcohol production from sugar with yeast cells. Viable cells may be further stabilized by entrapment in aqueous gel beads or attached to the surface of spherical particles. Otherwise cells are usually homogenized and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde [111-30-8] to form an insoluble yet penetrable matrix. This is the method upon which the principal industrial appHcations of immobilized enzymes is based. 

Succinyl-CoA derived from propionyl-CoA can enter the TCA cycle. Oxidation of succinate to oxaloacetate provides a substrate for glucose synthesis. Thus, although the acetate units produced in /3-oxidation cannot be utilized in glu-coneogenesis by animals, the occasional propionate produced from oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids can be used for sugar synthesis. Alternatively, succinate introduced to the TCA cycle from odd-carbon fatty acid oxidation may be oxidized to COg. However, all of the 4-carbon intermediates in the TCA cycle are regenerated in the cycle and thus should be viewed as catalytic species. Net consumption of succinyl-CoA thus does not occur directly in the TCA cycle. Rather, the succinyl-CoA generated from /3-oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids must be converted to pyruvate and then to acetyl-CoA (which is completely oxidized in the TCA cycle). To follow this latter route, succinyl-CoA entering the TCA cycle must be first converted to malate in the usual way, and then transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, where it is oxida-... 

Rupprath, C., Kopp, M., Hirtz, D. et al. (2007) An enzyme module system for in situ regeneration of deoxythymidine 5 -diphosphate (dTDP)-activated deoxy sugars. Advanced Synthesis Catalysis, 349, 1489-1496. 

Chen, X., Fang, J., Zhang, J.etal. (2001) Sugar nucleotide regeneration beads (superbeads) a versatile tool for the practical synthesis of oligosaccharides. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123, 2081-2082. 

Treatment with mineral acid of the insoluble lead complex of D-glucosone regenerates the free sugar.3 38... 

NRS [New Regeneration System] A process for regenerating the ion-exchange resin used for removing calcium from sugar solution. If sodium chloride were used, the waste calcium chloride solution would have to be disposed of if sodium hydroxide were used, calcium hydroxide would be precipitated in the resin. The NRS process uses sodium hydroxide in the presence of sucrose, which retains the calcium in solution as calcium saccharate. Developed by the IMACTI Division of Duolite International, The Netherlands. 

Quentin A process for regenerating the ion exchange resin used in sugar refining, using magnesium chloride solution. 

Steffens A process for separating sugar from beet sugar molasses by adding calcium hydroxide to precipitate calcium saccharate. Treatment of the liquor with carbon dioxide precipitates calcium carbonate and regenerates the sucrose. Invented in Vienna in 1883 by C. Steffens. See also Boivan-Louiseau, Scheibler. 

Recently, imino sugars have found application as active site specific chaperones (ASSC) for the treatment of lysosomial storage disorders.65 An ASSC is a small molecule that bind the catalytic domain of an enzyme inducing the regeneration of the active conformation of misfolded proteins. 

Sugar lactones react readily with hydrazine to give crystalline derivatives useful for isolation and identification (127). Thus, addition of hydrazine to a reaction mixture containing an aldonolactone facilitates isolation of the product. The lactone may be regenerated from the hydrazide by treatment with nitrous acid (128). The phenylhydrazides obtained on treatment of aldonolactones with phenylhydrazine are also useful for characterization (129,130). 

When this is reduced it is not the ketonic group which is affected (which would regenerate the original sugar), but rather the aldehyde group, and the compound... 

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