Refolding force

This also implies that the refolding force, rate. 

Under dynamic conditions, the refolding force, F p, is lower than the unfolding force under steady-state as well as dynamic conditions [45]. 

Self-Sorting Processes Control the Folding, Forced Unfolding, and Refolding of an Abiotic Oligomer in Water... 

Scheme 4.10 The sequential addition of various CB[ ] and guests to 41 induces folding, forced unfolding, and refolding of 41 into four different conformations. See insert for color representation of this figure.

Figure 7. Mechanical unfolding of RNA molecules (a, b) and proteins (c, d) using optical tweezers, (a) Experimental setup in RNA pulling experiments, (b) Pulling cycles in the homologous hairpin and force rip distributions during the unfolding and refolding at three pulling speeds. (C) Equivalent setup in proteins, (d) Force extension curve when pulUng the protein RNAseH. Panel (b) is from Ref. 86. Panels (a) and (d) are a courtesy from C. Cecconi [84]. (See color insert.)...

Brent Pollock (Biomira Inc.) presented a talk on the rational development of a second-generation production process for recombinant human interleukin-2 that incorporates recent advances in cell expression systems, fermentation optimization, protein extraction, refolding, and purification. A key concept of this talk was to know thy protein. The driving forces for process changes were regulatory concerns/robustness, economics, the ability to use standard equipment, and the elimination of bottlenecks in the process. 

In order to comprehend the adhesion properties of piliated bacteria, it is necessary to acquire detailed information not only about the biophysical properties of individual pili under various conditions, in particular their behavior in regions II and III, but also the adhesin on the tip of the pilus. Moreover, to understand the unfolding and refolding properties of the pilus rod a good knowledge about the properties of individual bonds exposed to strain/stress is needed. A full understanding of adhesion properties of piliated bacteria requires finally knowledge about how several pili cooperate to deal with an external force. 

The second feature is the ability of type 1 pili to refold their quaternary structure at two different force levels, 30 and 25pN, respectively, which is illustrated by the gray curve in Fig. 18.6b. Although not yet proven, this suggests that type 1 pili can refold into two dissimilar helix-like configurations [21]. 

The examples given in Figs. 18.6 and 18.7, show that all major properties of the force-vs. -elongation behavior of an individual pilus, with the exception of some refolding, have been captured by the simple theory and expressions given earlier. 

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