Reduced 7-substituted

The above generalities apply particularly to palladium. Hydrogenation over platinum or rhodium are far less sensitive to the influence of steric crowding. Reduction of 1-t-butylnaphthalene over platinum, rhodium, and palladium resulted in values of /ci//c2 of 0.42, 0.71, and 0.024, respectively. Also, unlike mononuclear aromatics, palladium reduces substituted naphthalenes at substantially higher rates than does either platinum or rhodium. For example, the rate constants, k x 10 in mol sec" g catalyst", in acetic acid at 50 C and 1 atm, were (for 1,8-diisopropylnaphthalene) Pd (142), Pt(l8.4), and Rh(7.1)(25). 

Reduction of hydroxamic acids. Buffered TiC lj can reduce simple hydroxamic acids (equation I). Yields are high when R1 is an alkyl group when it is hydrogen, aldehydes are obtained as by-products. The reagent also reduces substituted N-hydroxy-2-azetidinones to /Mactams (equation 11). 

The unusual triene, 7,7-dimethylfulvene, when codeposited with Fe atoms, yields a coupled ferrocene derivative and a reduced, substituted ferrocene . The extra hydrogen required is donated by xs triene present ... 

Thiazole and its simple alkyl or aryl derivatives are not polarographically reducible. Substitution in the thiazole ring with electron-attracting groups may render the nucleus reducible. Derivatives of thiazole-2-carboxylic acid are reducible in alkaline solution, and the reduction is assumed to take place in the nucleus [282]. 

The nitrogen atoms of cyclic amines are readily substituted by reaction with nucleophiles (usually alkyl halides in base), or with Michael acceptors (usually acrylic compounds). A variety of TV-substituted cyclams, e.g., (54), (57), and homologues, has been prepared by reducing substituted dioxo cyclams (53) and (56). TV-Functionalization can be introduced for precursors before cyclization, e.g., (20), (24), (52), and (55), and the azacyclam macrocycles (74)-(79). 

Observation that our reagents were able to reduce even fluoronaphthalene, led us to try to reduce substituted halogenobenzenes with difficulty (or not at all) reduced by NaHls. Thus we attempted to reduce several of these compounds with our best complex reducing agent 13. As it may be seen on Scheme 10 results were more than satisfying. 

Explosions involving chromium trioxide or potassium permanganate and dimethylformamide are explained in terms of DMF being, hke formic acid, a reducing agent. Dimethylacetamide is recommended as a safer, less reducing substitute solvent for DMF. For other combinations listed... 

Yellow-orange crystals, mp 300" (dec 140 ). [agf 4 (methanol), uv max (phosphate buffer soln pH 7.3) 223, 3]4, 445 nm (EJ , 586, 322, 204). Acid reaction. Slightly sol in water, petr ether sol in ether, bicarbonate soln very so] in methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate. A reducing substitute, such as ascorbic acid, should be added to aq solns of rifamycin SV to prevent its transformation to rifamycin S. LDj, in mice (mg/kg) 550 i.v. 625 i.p. 2120 orelly (Bergamini, Fowst). 

The following directions for reducing substituted benzoylpropionic acids to the corresponding arylbutyric acids illustrates the technique devized by Martin501 for effecting Clemmensen reduction in the presence of toluene. 

In Figure lb it is shown that with reduced substitution of MAA in the hydrogel (10 to 5 mol%), there is an alkaline shift of the pH range over which oscillations occur, and the amplitude of oscillations decreases. Also, oscillations occur with exposure to a lower concentration of glucose in Cell I when MAA doping is decreased. With further decrease in MAA (2 mol%), oscillations become damped, and ultimately disappear at very low values of substitution (1 mol%, data not shown). One purpose of the model presented below is to explain these observations. 

An unexpected reaction catalyzed by baker s yeast with potential synthetic utility was observed as a side reaction during an attempt to asymmetrically reduce substituted crotonaldehyde derivatives (Scheme 2.213). Thus, a lyase-catalyzed addition of water occurred in presence of a 4-benzyloxy- (X = 2 H) or benzoyloxy substituent (X = O) in the substrate [1474, 1586]. 

Primary Haloalkanes. Unhindered primary alkyl substrates always react in a bimolecular way and almost always give predominantly substitution products, except when sterically hindered strong bases, such as potassium tcrt-butoxide, are employed. In these cases, the Sn2 pathway is slowed down sufficiently for steric reasons to allow the E2 mechanism to take over. Another way of reducing substitution is to introduce branching. However, even in these cases, good nucleophiles still furnish predominantly substitution products. Only strong bases, such as alkoxides, RO , or amides, RaN , tend to react by elimination. 

Recycle waste streams directly. Sometimes waste can be reduced by recycling waste streams directly. If this can be done, it is clearly the simplest way to reduce waste and should be considered first. Most often, the waste streams that can be recycled directly are aqueous streams which, although contaminated, can substitute part of the freshwater feed to the process. 

It is a typically aromatic compound and gives addition and substitution reactions more readily than benzene. Can be reduced to a series of compounds containing 2-10 additional hydrogen atoms (e.g. tetralin, decalin), which are liquids of value as solvents. Exhaustive chlorination gives rise to wax-like compounds. It gives rise to two series of monosubstitution products depending upon... 

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