Redox cyclers

Oxidative stress Glutathione depletion (e.g., acetaminophen, bromoben-zene, chloroform, allyl alcohol) redox cyclers (see oxidative phosphorylation) reactive metabolites... 

There are specific fiuorescent dyes for specific pathologies created by specific drug classes, such as phospholipidosis from cationic amphiphilic drugs [18, 19], mitochondrial DNA depletion by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that also inhibit mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma and redox cyclers that produce reactive oxygen species. The complex mechanism of statin-induced toxicity is demonstrated vith early sublethal effects on apoptosis, mitochondrial function and calcium homeostasis [20]. 

Figure 3 The redox cycler and O2 generator DMNQ inhibits hypoxic HIF-la accumulation only under moderate (PO2 20 mmHg) but not severe (PO2 < 1 mmHg) h)rpoxia. HepG2 cells were incubated with 50 pM for 4 hr tmder moderate or severe hyrpoxia and HIF-la protein was detected by Western blot in total cell extracts (53).

Treatment with the cells with the redox cycler paraquat, as expected, increased superoxide radical anion formation significantly. Incubation with CML or CasCML resulted in a major decrease of MitoSOX-fluorescent cells in HEK-FL and Caco-2, with CML causing the more explicit effects. Since mitochondrial superoxide anion radical formation in HEK-DC... 

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