Recognition multistep

Signal sequences are characterized by exceptionally diverse and numerous roles they are essential participants in the multistep process of protein secretion. While many details of this process are still poorly understood, it is clear that the involvement of the signal sequence includes recognition by proteins, interactions with membranes and/or membrane-resident components, facilitation of translocation, and specific cleavability. In these steps, the signal sequence probably undergoes conformational changes which themselves are required features of the mechanism. 

Y., Masutani, C., Iwai, S., and Hanaoka, F. (2001) A multistep damage recognition mechanism for global genomic nucleotide excision repair. Genes Dev., 15, 507-521. 

Polyelectrolyte multilayers are able to very effectively immobilize various molecules such as enzymes, for example. These multilayers have been shown to exhibit useful biocatalytic (i.e., enzymatic) [220,221] activities hybrid multilayers containing polyoxometalate are promising for catalytic applications [165], ESA multilayers have also been used for molecular recognition [199,344] or, more specifically, as biosensors [76,167,253-255,345,346], Electrocatalytic [196,256,259] and electrosensing [257] capabilities of multilayers deposited on electrodes have also been demonstrated. As already mentioned, the possibility of putting different enzymes at specific locations in the multilayer has been employed to design systems for multistep catalysis [6] (Fig. 16). 

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