Reality corrections

TUV Test Report [31]. The table lists artifacts. Artifacts are image errors (in parts the image does not reflect reality correctly). 

Once such a tentative quantified level has been reached, a reciprocal procedure sets in The qualitative concepts are now reconsidered in the light of the achieved quantification. It may turn out, for instance, that the equations have to be modified after scrutinizing the dynamics implied by them, because they do not describe the reality correctly. It may also turn out that concepts seemingly reconcilable on a qualitative level prove to be incompatible and in need of revision on the more logically demanding quantitative level. 

Figure 3-5. The search for a) oxidations of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids will obtain reaction b) as a hit, although this reaction is in reality a hydrolysis of an ester, c) The correct specification of the query to obtain reactions invoivingthe oxidation of aicohols to carboxyiic acids.

At the other end of the spectrum are the ab initio ( from first principles ) methods, such as the calculations already discussed for H2 in Chapter 4. I am not trying to imply that these calculations are correct in any strict sense, although we would hope that the results would bear some relation to reality. An ab initio HF calculation of the potential energy curve for a diatomic Aj will generally give incorrect dissociation products, and so cannot possibly be right in the absolute sense. The phrase ab initio simply means that we have started with a certain Hamiltonian and a set of basis functions, and then done all the intermediate calculations with full rigour and no appeal to experiment. 

A third functional form, which has an exponential dependence and the correct general shape, is the Morse potential, eq. (2.5). It does not have the dependence at long range, but as mentioned above, in reality there are also R, /f etc. terms. The D and a parameters of a Morse function describing vdw will of course be much smaller than for str, and Ro will be longer. 

In reality the nuclei are moving and one must account for the driving effect of their displacement and velocity changes within the interval to t. Provided this is small, and insofar as the nuclear motions are slower than the electronic ones, one can assume that the driving effect will only be corrections... 

Time has now come to transform the preceding plans into reality. All ideas and suggestions have been turned into drawings and specifications from which the laboratory can be built. Or have they This is up to the laboratory operator to determine by carefully checking over all details so that corrections can be made before construction starts. Since the typical laboratory operator will usually not be familiar with many of the architectural terms and symbols, he should ask questions whenever something is not quite clear. No detail must be taken for granted. The case of the suspended ceiling will illustrate this ... 

Neither drawing is absolutely correct. The first drawing assumes a perfectly covalent bond, which is certainly not accurate. The second drawing assumes an ionic bond. The reality actually lies somewhere in between these two extremes, although it is a lot closer to being ionic. 

Perhaps the most interesting aspect of this set of studies is the question posed in the recent paper by Schmidt et al. (2004) and deals with the reality of the patterns they observed. Is the polymorphism observed a result of the calculation methods used in the study, neural network (NN), and multivariate statistical analysis (MVA) Would increased sampling result in a greater number of chemo-types It is entirely possible, of course, that the numbers obtained in this study are a true reflection of the biosynthetic capacities of the plants studied. The authors concluded—and this is a point made elsewhere in this review—that ... for a correct interpretation a good knowledge of the biosynthetic background of the components is needed. ... 

Several assumptions were made in using the broad MWD standard approach for calibration. With some justification a two parameter equation was used for calibration however the method did not correct or necessarily account for peak speading and viscosity effects. Also, a uniform chain structure was assumed whereas in reality the polymer may be a mixture of branched and linear chains. To accurately evaluate the MWD the polymer chain structure should be defined and hydrolysis effects must be totally eliminated. Work is currently underway in our laboratory to fractionate a low conversion polydlchlorophosphazene to obtain linear polymer standards. The standards will be used in polymer solution and structure studies and for SEC calibration. Finally, the universal calibration theory will be tested and then applied to estimate the extent of branching in other polydlchlorophosphazenes. 

Which of two formulas for benzene is correct The answer is neither. The two forms are called resonance structures. The term resonance is a bit misleading because it implies that the two forms are oscillating back and forth. In reality, the carbon-carbon bond lengths in a resonating structure such as benzene are all the same. Resonant structures have only one form, a resonance hybrid somewhere between the two possibilities. 

A more elegant approach than direct synthesis is internal model control (IMC). The premise of IMC is that in reality, we only have an approximation of the actual process. Even if we have the correct model, we may not have accurate measurements of the process parameters. Thus the imperfect model should be factored as part of the controller design. 

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