Reactor 15 Integrated Chemical Synthesizer

Some support structures are also included for detachably retaining the various components of the system. Preferably the support structure can be of the assembly board type , which provides prearranged flow channels and connector ports. The desired components of the system can be fastened into these connectors by pins. The flow control system that makes up the ICS system can include pumps, flow channels, manifolds, flow restrictors, valves, etc. These components are equipped with the necessary fittings that allow them to be sealed with the prearranged or selectively located flow channels or connectors. The flow system can also include detachable mixing devices, e.g., static or ultrasonic, or with a chip-like design. The reaction units, whether chip-like or not, can be of thermal, electrochemical, photochemical or pressure type [84]. 

The separation components can provide for membrane separation, co-current or countercurrent flow extraction, chromatographic separation, electrophoretic 

The ICS system, e.g. a kit, provides a reaction system capable ofhandling a variety of reactions by using a reactor unit having a reaction chamber with internal diameters from about 1 pm up to about 1 mm, and more preferably 1-100 pm. In accordance with the internal dimensions, the reaction volumes range from about 1 nl up to about 10 pi [84], 

With the schematic processing unit given, the thermal conversion of tert-butanol to tert-butyl chloride, can be performed [84]. 

By incorporation of transparent process cell, performing photochemical reactions is possible. The example shows the conversion of dibenzyl ketone to bibenzyl by irradiation of the reaction mixture with a 450 W xenon lamp. The CO produced by the reaction is vented and the bibenzyl product is purified, if desired, through a micro structured chromatographic separator unit and withdrawn off-line [84]  

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In addition to the coal properties, the reasonable and unified boundary conditions need to be defined in order to evaluate and compare processes. The first section of Table 5.11 presents process-related variables. The gasification pressure was set to 30 bar, a typical value for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants as well as some chemical syntheses (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch) [60,65]. In the case of slagging entrained-flow gasification, the gasification temperature was set at >100 K above the ash fluid temperature for the reasons discussed in Section 4.5.2. A typical value is between -1-100 and -1-150 K [61]. The thermal capacity of the modeled reactors was set to a thermal input of 500 MW on the basis of the LHV as a suitable size for a state-of-the-art reactor. 

This chapter presents a wide coverage of the state-of-the-art applications of microfluidic reactors for bioorganic and biocatalytic reactions. The development of microreactors for biomolecular syntheses although much slower compared to (iTAS is expected to continue to improve. Most biomolecules are expensive, and therefore high reaction yield and eflEdency are desired for their synthesis. The main challenge that remains for microreactor biomolecular syntheses is the integration of various components for chemical reactions such as synthesis, analysis, extraction, separation, and concentration. 

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