Reactor choice technology

Most chiral chemicals are relatively small-scale products (1 to 1000 tonnes per year for pharmaceuticals, 500 to 10000 tonnes per year for agrochemicals) that are usually produced in multipurpose batch equipment This is probably the case for most catalytic reactions described in this chapter however, as a rule very little information on process technology is provided by the manufacturers. Here, we will discuss only briefly the reactor choices for hydrogenation reaction typically carried out in the liquid phase. For a successful implementation the following demands must be met ... 

Electricity generated at nuclear power stations presently accoimts for some 8.4 EJ y or 2% of global energy use (USDoE, 2003). The technology used is primarily light water reactors, a commercial spin-off from the submarine nuclear-powered propulsion systems introduced in the 1950s. The situation after World War II was characterised by two factors of some importance for the development of nuclear energy and the specific reactor choice ... 

Among the wide choice of reactor designs, the biofilm reactor is one of the best suited for azo-dye conversion as it meets two important process requisites. The first is related to the hindered growth feature of bacterial metabolism under anaerobic conditions. The second is related to the necessity to increase cell densities (see previous section) with respect to those commonly harvested in liquid broths [55, 56]. Except for bacteria that forms aggregates spontaneously, immobilization of cells on granular carriers and membrane reactor technology are the two common pathways to achieve high-density confined cell cultures in either discontinuous or flow reactors. 

In this lecture, the development of the MTG process will be reviewed. First, the unique aspects of MTG — the catalyst, chemistry, and its special reactor design aspects — will be discussed. Next, the choices for the conversion system will be presented along with the dual-pronged strategy for development of both the fixed- and fluid bed processes. Finally, our future development plans for this general area of technology will be highlighted. 

This paper surveys factors relevant to material choices in ITER, briefly describing advantages and disadvantages of the various material options considered, with emphasis on the implications of the current choice on the problem of in-vessel tritium retention. Other PMI and technological issues associated with the development of robust PFCs for ITER and future fusion power reactors are dealt with elsewhere [3-6]. 

Application The Borstar polypropylene (PP) process is a versatile technology. Through the choice of reactor combinations, homopolymers, random copolymers, heterophasic copolymers, and very high-rubber content heterophasic copolymers can be produced. 

---