Reactions in concentrated solutions the acidity factor

In solvents with high dielectric constant, such as water, the solution deviates very little from ideal solutions if they are diluted enough (about 0.1 M) and can be treated using the Debye-Htickel model, as described in section 11.4. 

With higher concentrations or solvents with lower dielectric constants, the situation is much less clear. The deviation from the ideal can be significant and we no longer have a suitable model with a reasonable number of constants by which to a priori calculate the reaction rate coefficient. 

As a result of Hammef s work, however, we realized that it was possible to calculate the reaction rate coefficient of a reaction that is stracturally similar by 

Influence of substituents on the reaction rate coefficient Let us write the reaction rate coefficient as  

Where x is an intensive variable such as pressure, electric field, etc., let us define the following  

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