Rayleigh cross section, constant

Case 2 Constant Rayleigh Cross Section - In this case, variations in the Rayleigh scattering intensity are attributed to variations in temperature. A natural compliment to the isothermal mixing investigations identified in Case 1 would be to measure the time-resolved temperature in a submerged jet of heated air. For premixed flames, the variation of Rayleigh intensity is primarily due to variation in temperature, which can vary by a factor of 7. 

Detonation, Rayleigh (or Mikhel son) Line and Transformation in. (Called here Rayleigh-MikheTson Line) The Chapman-Jouguet theory deals with adiabatic transformations in steady, non-viscous, onedimensional flows in stream tubes or ducts of constant cross-section. Such transformations can be called Rayleigh transformations. From the equation of continuity valid for flow of constant cross-section and from the momentum equation (Ref 1, p 117 Ref 2, p 99), with use of the formula c = y-Pv for sonic velocity in an ideal gas, can be derived the relationship ... 

We have discussed intrinsically anisotropic particles—ones with anisotropy originating in their optical constants rather than their shape—in previous chapters. In Section 5.6 we gave the solution to the problem of scattering by an anisotropic sphere in the Rayleigh approximation. From the results of that section and Section 5.5 it follows that the average cross section (C) (scattering or absorption) of a collection of randomly oriented, sufficiently small, anisotropic spheres is... 

Measurements of extinction by small particles are easier to interpret and to compare with theory if the particles are segregated somehow into a population with sufficiently small sizes. The reason for this will become clear, we hope, from inspection of Fig. 12.12, where normalized cross sections using Mie theory and bulk optical constants of MgO, Si02, and SiC are shown as functions of radius the normahzation factor is the cross section in the Rayleigh limit. It is the maximum infrared cross section, the position of which can shift appreciably with radius, that is shown. The most important conclusion to be drawn from these curves is that the mass attenuation coefficient (cross section per unit particle mass) is independent of size below a radius that depends on the material (between about 0.5 and 1.0 fim for the materials considered here). This provides a strong incentive for deahng only with small particles provided that the total particle mass is accurately measured, comparison between theory and experiment can be made without worrying about size distributions or arbitrary normalization. 

That the cross-section of a jet of liquid from a non-circular orifice vibrates between the form of the orifice and a circle was first observed by Bidone.i This produces a series of waves. The explanation of the phenomenon as due to surface tension was given by BufF, the mathematical theory and experimental method being developed by Lord Rayleigh. Piccard and Meyer used the method for comparative measurements, refinements being introduced by Pedersen and Bohr. Rayleigh showed that for an ideal jet of radius r at its circular section, the time of oscillation is r=Ki(Qr layi where q is the density of the liquid. For an actual liquid r depends on the flow-rate and corrections are necessary. The period r is related to the directing force F and moment of inertia I by the equation t=7t(IIF) f. Since I is proportional to the mass or density and depends in an unknown way on the form of the orifice, and F is proportional to the surface tension a, it follows that r=7iA(Qla) where is a constant. Since r=l jn and where A=wave-... 

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