Rare Earth Energy Levels and Electronic States

Rare Earth Energy Levels and Electronic States 

Although the lanthanides can possess up to 14 identical f-electrons, each rare earth differs from the others in its optical and magnetic properties. For the general case, in terms of effective radius, r , we have the following relation of electronic energy levels, shown as follows  

since 1, the azimuthal quantum number, can take on values from 0 to 

with s = 3 1/2 (i,e.- 7 x 1/2), the observed spectra can become quite complex. The following table shows neutral atom electron configurations and observed valences  

For any given atom, the number of possible states can be calculated from combinatorial theory, i.e,- 

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III. Rare Earth Energy Levels and Electronic States... 

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