Raphe nuclei sleep

Nitz, D. Siegel, J. (1997a). GABA release in the dorsal raphe nucleus role in the control of REM sleep. Am. J. Physiol. 273, R451-5. 

Portas, C. M., Thakkar, M., Rainnie, D. McCarley, R. W. (1996). Microdialysis perfusion of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetrahn (8-OH-DPAT) in the dorsal raphe nucleus decreases serotonin release and increases rapid eye movement sleep in the freely moving cat. J. Neurosci. 16, 2820-8. 

Figure 4.2 Model of the network responsible for paradoxical sleep onset and maintenance Abbreviations DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus 5-HT, serotonin LC, locus coeruleus NA, noradrenaline LDT, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus Ach, acetylcholine Me, magnocellular reticular nucleus Gly glycine DPMe, deep mesencephalic reticular nucleus PAG, periaqueductal gray DPGi, dorsal paragigantocellular reticular nucleus PPT, pedunculopontine nucleus PRN, pontine reticular nucleus SLD, sublaterodorsal nucleus Glu, glutamate Pef/HLA perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area Hcrt, hypocretin (i.e. orexin).

Monti, J. M. Jantos, H. (2006a). Effects of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-269970 microinjected into the dorsal raphe nucleus on REM sleep in the rat. Behav. 

Monti, J. M., Jantos, H. Monti, D. (2000). Dorsal raphe nucleus administration of 5-HTia receptor agonist and antagonists effect on rapid eye movement sleep in the rat. Sleep Res. Online 3, 29-34. 

Sorensen, E., Gronli, J., Bjorvatn, B., Bjorkum, A. Ursin, R. (2001). Sleep and waking following microdialysis perfusion of the selective 5-HTia receptor antagonist p-MPPI into the dorsal raphe nucleus in the freely moving rat. Brain Res. 897, 122 30. 

Figure 12.1 Extracellular adenosine concentrations in different brain areas, measured with in vivo microdialysis from cats during sleep deprivation (6 h gentle handling) and recovery sleep. Concentrations are given as a percentage of pre-deprivation values. BF, basal forebrain CX, cingulate cortex TH, VA/VL nucleus of thalamus POA, preoptic hypothalamic area DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus PPT, pedunculopontine nucleus. In BF and CX adenosine rises during sleep deprivation, but starts to decline during deprivation in CX, whereas the decline occurs during recovery in the BF. In other areas there is no accumulation during sleep deprivation. Modified from Porkka-Heiskanen et al. (2000).

Sleep is reduced when there is decreased serotonin activity or destruction of the dorsal raphe nucleus. 

Bottom. McGinty and Harper (1976) similarly recorded the dorsal raphe nucleus in cats. Here also, maximal firing occurred during waking, there was a decrease during slow wave sleep, and the neurons became silent during REM sleep. Reprinted from Elsevier, with permission. 

Gardner JP, Fornal CA, Jacobs BL (1997) Effects of sleep deprivation on serotonergic neimonal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the freely moving cat Neimopsychopharmacology 17 72-81... 

Imeri L, Bianchi S, Mariotti M, Opp MR. Interleukin-1 microinjected into the dorsal raphe nucleus enhances NREM sleep in rats. J Sleep Res 2002 11 107. 

Monti JM, Monti D (2000) Role of the dorsal raphe nucleus serotonin 5-HT1A receptor in the regulation of sleep. Life Sci 21 1999-2012... 

Figure 22.1 Pathways projecting to and from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Inputs from photoreceptors in the retina help to reset the circadian clock in response to changes in the light cycle. Other inputs derive from the lateral geniculate complex and the serotonergic, Raphe nuclei and help to reset the SCN in response to non-photic stimuli. Neurons in the SCN project to the hypothalamus, which has a key role in the regulation of the reproductive cycle, mood and the sleep-waking cycle. These neurons also project to the pineal gland which shows rhythmic changes in the rate of synthesis and release of the hormone, melatonin...

Figure 2.4 Flip-flop switch model of wake and slow wave sleep active systems. Mutually inhibitory connections exist between GABAergic/Galaninergic slow wave sleep active neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) of the anterior hypothalamus and aminergic neurons in the hypothalamus (histamine (HA) neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN)) and brainstem (serotonin (5-HT) neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and noradrenaline (NA) neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC)). Orexinergic neurons in the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH) stabilize the waking state via excitation of the waking side of the flip-flop switch (aminergic neurons).

Houdouin, F., Cespuglio, R. 8r Jouvet, M. (1991). Effects induced by the electrical stimulation of the nucleus raphe dorsalis upon hypothalamic release of 5-hydroxyindole compounds and sleep parameters in the rat. Brain Res. 565, 48-56. 

Narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, may be caused by the lack of hypocretin mRNA and peptides in humans (Peyron et al., 2000) or a disruption of the hypocretin receptor 2 or its ligand in dogs and mice (Lin et al., 1999 Chemelli et al., 1999). Hypocretin-containing neurons are located exclusively in the dorsomedial, lateral, and perifornical hypothalamic areas (Peyron et al., 1998). Two hypocretin sequences, Hcrt-1 (orexin-A) and Hcrt-2 (orexin-B), are generated from a single preprohypocretin (De Lecea et al., 1998 Peyron et al, 1998 Sakurai et al, 1998). Axons from these neurons are found in the hypothalamus, locus coeruleus (LC), raphe nuclei, tuberomamillary nucleus, midline thalamus, all levels of spinal cord, sympathetic and parasympathetic centers, and many other brain regions... 

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