Range splitting

Resolvable long-range splitting, particularly from y-hydrogen, are not uncommon, and can be invaluable in structure elucidation. Like the -hydrogen splittings, these are conformation-dependent, but only exceptionally, in relatively rigid cyclic nitroxides, do they exceed ca. 0.5 G. 

Valve positioners are little feedback controllers that sense the actual position of the stem, compare it with the desired position as given by the signal from the controller and adjust the air pressure on the diaphragm to drive the stem to its correct position. Valve positioners can also be used to make valves open and close over various ranges (split-range valves). 

The EPR signals of the model compounds with the axial ligand fluoride, acetate, formate, azide, chloride or bromide are typical high-spin spectra with gx-values in the 5.8 to 5.9 range Splittings at g = 2 due to the hf interaction of these ligands are only observed for fluoro- and bromo-hemins. 

The controller manipulates two valves with separated range ( split range ) after the cooling water valve is fully closed, the steam valve is opened and vice versa. For smooth control it is desired that there is a small overlap, as shown in Fig. 33.19. 

The first case of molecular rearrangement in an aliphatic semidione was discovered by chance in an investigation of the long-range splitting in bicyclo-[5.1.0]hexan-2 5-semidion3 Scheme 2 (8) ... 

When a mixture contains components with a broad range of volatilities, either a partial condensation from the vapor phase or a partial vaporization from the liquid phase followed by a simple phase split often can produce an effective separation. This is in essence a single-stage distillation process. However, by its very nature, a single-stage separation does not produce pure products hence further separation of both liquid and vapor streams is often required. 

If the value on the x-axis were continuous rather than split into discrete ranges, the discrete PDF could be represented by a continuous function. This is useful in predicting... 

In the absence of decoupling, the resonances would each be split by at least four short- and long-range... 

Separation of Short- and Long-Range Ewald and PPPM Methods If we split the total Coulomb interaction in a short- and a long-range contribution, chosen to be smooth functions of the distance, the two... 

Amphiphiles often have a complex phase behaviour with several liquid crystalline phases These liquid crystalline phases are often characterised by long-range order in one directior together with the formation of a layer structure. The molecules may nevertheless be able tc move laterally within the layer and perpendicular to the surface of the layer. Structura information can be obtained using spectroscopic techniques including X-ray and neutror diffraction and NMR. The quadrupolar splitting in the deuterium NMR spectrum can be... 

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