Quatum Entrapment with Polarization

Electron polarization frequently happens at sites surrounding atoms with even lower atomic CNs than that of a flat surface, namely four. As a consequence of the local polarization and entrapment, transition from conductor to semiconductor happens to small clusters such as 3-nm-sized A1 nanoislands deposited on Si substrate [1]. The broken-bond-induced densification and localization of electrons with lowered binding energy in the traps have been observed as defect states [2], chain end states [3, 4], terrace edge states [5-7], and surface states [8-10]. Strong localization of excess electrons also happens to the surface of ice [11] and metal films [12]. 

Relaxation of the Chemical Bond, Springer Series in Ghemieal Physies 108, DOI 10.1007/978-981-t585-21-7 13, Sjninger Seienee+Business Media Singr ie 2014 

Such polarization is responsible for the emerging properties of substance at the nanoscale, such as the extraordinary ability of catalysis, dilute magnetism, creation of Dirac-Fermi polarons, superhydrophobicity, etc. 

DFT calculations of Cuboctahedral (CO-13, 55, 147) and Marks Decahedral (MD-13, 49,75) gold clusters [15] result in the LDOS shown in Fig. 13.3. The size-induced polarization is consistent with STM/S observations and BOLS prediction. Calculations also confirmed the BOLS expected lattice strain, charge transfer in real space from the inner to the outermost atomic layer, and valence charge polarization from the lower to the higher binding energies of the well- 

The zone-selective XPS (ZPS) technique is able to distill the coordination-resolved electronic binding energy of adatoms or at sites surrounding defects, surfaces, interfaces, and solid skin with and without adsorption [21]. The ZPS is obtained by subtracting from the XPS profiles collected from the conditioned surfaces the referential XPS spectrum collected from the ideally perfect surface of the same substance. Before subtraction, all spectral peaks are background corrected and 

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