Quate: Calvin

He murmured almost to himself, sixteen surfaces, all opaque, all misaligned. (Calvin Quate 1985)... 

Since 1981, researchers have developed a number of modifications of the STM for uses in which the original instrument is not suitable. For example, the atomic force microscope (AFM) was invented in 1986 by Binnig and Christoph Gerber at IBM-ZRL and Calvin Quate at Stanford University. The AFM can be used on nonconductive surfaces, such as organic materials, on which the STM cannot he used. Today the STM, AFM, and related devices are collectively known as scanning probe microscopes (SPMs). 

This technique was co-invented by Calvin Quate and Hemantha Kumar Wickra-masinghe. Interestingly, when Quate and Binnig first submitted their work to the peer-reviewed journal Physical Review Letters, it was rejected due to such farfetched claims as being able to measure forces on individual atoms. However,... 

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