Quasi-static loading range

As for deformation in the case of flexible or semi-flexible pavement, it can be measured with a deflectograph with a 13 t axial load at 2.0 to 3.5 km/h (quasi-static deflection) or a falling weight deflectometer with a test load of 5 t, at a reference temperature of 20°C (dynamic deflection). The range of deflection values per site class is given in COST 323 (1997) (Jacob et al. 2002). 

The non linear viscoelasticity of various particles filled rubber is addressed in range of studies. It is found that the carbon black filled-elastomer exhibit quasi-static and dynamic response of nonlinearity. Hartmann reported a state of stress which is the superposition of a time independent, long-term, response (hyperelastic) and a time dependent, short-term, response in carbon black filled-rubber when loaded with time-dependent external forces. The short term stresses were larger than the long term hyperelastic ones. The authors had done a comparative study for the non linear viscoelastic models undergoing relaxation, creep and hysteresis tests [20-22]. For reproducible and accurate viscoelastic parameters an experimental procedure is developed using an ad hoc nonlinear optimization algorithm. 

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