Quantized amounts

Each element has its own line spectrum. This is why the line spectrum for an element is also considered to be a fingerprint for that particular element. Because the amounts of light given off by the excited atoms were in fixed amounts, Bohr termed them quantized amounts of light. These fixed amounts of energy proved that the electrons could only make certain jumps between the orbits that were at fixed distances in the atom. Because of these fixed, circular orbits, Bohr s model of the atom is often referred to as the solar system model of the atom (see Figure 3.4). 

These photos illustrate the phenomenon of heated objects emitting different frequencies of light. Matter, regardless of its form, can gain or lose energy only in small "quantized" amounts. 

A mathematical description for electrons, phonons (vibrational quanta), and photons exists and is referred to as second qnantization. First quantization amounts to the ordinary quantization for a single particle, discussed so far in this... 

The amount of energy a molecule contains is not continuously variable but is quantized. That is, a molecule can stretch or bend only at specific frequencies corresponding to specific energy levels. Take bond-stretching, for example. Although we usually7 speak of bond lengths as if they were fixed, the numbers... 

But it was Max Planck who shattered the paradigm of the steadiness of nature. He showed that atoms could not absorb energy in all forms and quantities, but only in so-called quanta, that is, in defined amounts. Thus, electrons jump, as we explain it today, from one energy level to another. Natura saltat Albert Einstein s theory was even more groundbreaking space and time form a continuum, matter and energy, in contrast, are quantized, essentially "grainy", so to speak. In this case, nature cannot but jump. 

Note that the angle x is left indeterminant by this transformation. This amounts to saying that Sx and Sy are not fixed in space by the quantization of S along gB. The above result was used in deriving eqn (4.4) in Chapter 4. 

But we must be careful with our words when we say these are different types of photon, we do not mean that they are different in kind, only in magnitude. In kind, all photons are identical each comprises a packet of energy, which is termed a quantum, because the amount of energy in each photon is quantized (or fixed ). 

The amount of energy per particle of light is fixed. We say it is quantized. 

The noise in the sensor signal is 0.5 digits. This corresponds to a 1-digit quantization noise of the A/D converter. At low concentration levels, the noise is equivalent to a CO-concentration variation of 0.03 ppm. Multiplying this value by three, the Emit of detection was assessed to be 0.1 ppm. The gas concentration resolution amounts... 

---