Pyramidalization percentage

The inset in A is a representative evoked potential recorded from the CA1 pyramidal cell layer. Calibration hards vertical 2 mV, horizontal 10 msec. The population spike amplitude was defined as an average of the amplitude from the first positive peak 1 to the succeeding negative peak 2 and the amplitude from die negative peak 2 to the second positive peak 3. A Time-course of potentiation induced by strong tetanic stimulation in the control slices (O, n=23) and in the slices treated with 30% of ethanol (IS ml/kg) (, n=27 ) and in the slices treated with 30% of ethanol (IS ml/kg) and 20 mg/kg crocin ( A, n-7). (1) and (2) indicated 30% ethanol of IS ml/kg and 10 ml/kg, respectively. Ethanol or crocin was added in the perfusing ACSF from 15 or 20 min, respectively, before tetanic stimulation. The ordinate indicates the population spike amplitude expressed as a percentage of the baseline values immediately before tetanic stimulation. 

The alkylammonium intercalated VO, nanotubes are paramagnetic and show semimetallic conductivity probably due to the mixed valent V centers. The percentage content of V(iv) calculated on the basis of the effective magnetic moment is -45-50%.85 The structure contains V04 tetraliedra and V05 square-pyramids simultaneously. 

From the projection down the respective C—N bonds shown in Figure 1 it is obvious that the pyramidality at the nitrogen atom varies over the whole range from virtual planarity (sp2 hybridized N) in 79 to nearly complete pyramidalization (sp3 hybridized N) in 77 and 78 with various twist angles of the nitrogen lone pair towards the olefinic 7r-system. The percentage of pyramidality41 may be expressed quantitatively by equation 6. 

When the nitrogen atom is planar (completely non-pyramidal), the sum of the three bond angles around it is 3 x 120 ° = 360 °. When the nitrogen atom is completely pyramidal, the sum of the three bond angles is 3 x 109.5 ° = 328.5 °. Consequently, the percentage pyramidality of a nitrogen atom is defined in equation 3 ... 

The third level of the pyramid consisting of proteins in the form of meats, eggs, beans, nuts, and milk products is smaller than the first and second levels to emphasize that the percentage of these foods should be smaller in comparison to the total intake. The major function of... 

FIG. 2 Actual consumption pyramid (based on 1996 CSFII data). The percentage of total energy consumption from discretionary fats, added sugars, and related food products is now 41% in contrast to the goal of not to exceed 27% (Anonymous, 2000). 

J. von Wrochem obtained it by heating the rhombic j3-dihydrate at 12°. The orange-red, rhombic, bipyramidal crystals were found by F. von Foullon to have the axial ratios a h c=0-6296 1 0-6404. G. N. Wyrouboff gave 0-9917 1 0-7995 and said that the crystals are similar to those of anhydrite. The sp. gr. is 2-793 at 15°, and the mol. vol. 62-4. F. Mylius and J. von Wrochem said that the dark yellow, four-sided doubly refracting pyramids do not effloresce very much at ordinary temp. The soln. sat. at 18° has a sp. gr. 1-096, and contains 9-6 per cent, of CaCr04. The percentage solubility, S, Fig. 48, of the unstable monohydrate, is... 

The 5ai lone-pair orbital has mainly P3p character. Ab initio SCF-MO calculations yielded 88% localization of 5ai on P [9, 16] and a P3p character of 73% [9] or 72% [16] see also a review on photoelectron spectra and bonding in phosphorus compounds [17]. Similar P3p percentages were 71 % (SCF-MO) [13,18,19] and 67% (SCM-Xa-DV) [11 ]. The P3p character was also derived from a Cooper minimum in p [7, 8] and from an SCF-Xa-SW calculation [10]. A pure P3s character had been assumed in the simple Walsh [4] picture. This model was later modified by allowing for a mixing of 3s(ai) and 3p(ai) orbitals [20]. An sp hybridization of the lone-pair orbital was given in a localized-orbital description [12]. An increased s character (compared to NH3) was inferred from a consideration of lone-pair and core ionization potentials (for the pyramidal as well as the planar PH3 molecule) [21]. The s or p character of 5ai is also related to the derivation of a P-H bond moment from the total dipole moment (see p. 153). 

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