Equilibrium, punctuated

At the Other end of the spectrum are the punctuated equilibrium evolutionists, those who point to fossil evidence that demonstrates epochs in Earth s history when new species appeared explosively fast ( evolution by jerks ). These proponents argue that differences between older and newer species are so vast that they are clearly distinguishable. 

Albanesi, G.L. and Barnes, C.R. (2000) Subspeciation within a punctuated equilibrium evolutionary event phylogenetic history of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Paroistodus originalis -P. horridus complex (Conodonta)./o ma/ of Paleontology, 74(3), 492-502. 

Professor MacLeod is an internationally recognized leader in many areas of palaeontology. Prominent among these are (1) morphometries (the quantitative analysis of form variation), (2) the causes of Phanerozoic extinction events and (3) quantitative stratigraphical data analysis. Through his work in these areas, he has made significant contributions to the punctuated-equilibrium controversy and the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction controversy, as well as being personally responsible for the development of several new morphometric data-analysis techniques. He is the co-editor of... 

Gould, S. J. Punctuated Equilibrium Harvard Univeristy Press Cambridge, MA, 2007. 

Figure 2.5. A Monte Carlo calculation showing the merging history of a DM halo with final mass comparable to the Coma cluster (101bMq) from Cavaliere, Menci Tozzi (1999). The solid heavy line shows the mass as a function of redshift of the primary cluster. The lighter solid lines show the growth of subclusters that eventually merge into the main cluster. The merger epochs are indicated by the vertical dotted lines. The figure shows that there are episodes of near equilibrium punctuated my major merging events.

Determine the equilibrium constant as a function of temperature from a punctuated temperature scan experiment or from just one ramping where equilibrium is established toward the end of the ramping. 

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