Pumping efficiency theory

In theory, a pump delivers an amount of fluid equal to its displacement each cycle or revolution. In reality, the actual output is reduced because of internal leakage or slippage. As pressure increases, the leakage from the outlet to the inlet or to the drain also increases and the volumetric efficiency decreases. 

The theory of seismic pumping proposed by Panov and co-workers at the Donetzk Polytechnical Institute (pers. commun., 1981 Panov et al., 1980) attributes anomalous Rn occurrences over fault zones to micropulsations in active fault zones that increase the emanation efficiency of soils. They base their theory partly on the fact that Tn activities rise simultaneously with Rn activities over active faults and partly on the fact that there are no unusual Ra accumulations in the soils where the anomalous Rn values are observed. The theory is attractive and warrants further investigation. Zverev et al. (1980) have also observed increased Rn and Tn emanation over faults and in laboratory experiments soil samples under treatment with ultrasound do indeed emanate more Rn than samples not so treated. Wilkening (1980) has reviewed the processes by which Rn is transported from the soil to the Earth s surface and concludes that " Rn transport by ordinary molecular diffusion appears to be the dominant process". 

The maximum transfer efficiency by STIRAP in systems involving con-tinua is far less than 100%, due to dynamic Stark shifts and incoherent losses from the target state induced by the pump laser, as theory predicts [202, 215, 219, 220]. However, since techniques based on incoherent excitation via resonant continuum couplings do not usually permit any transfer at all, the STIRAP technique offers an advantage in such environments, even though the efficiency of STIRAP in such cases is far less than in purely bound systems. 

Pump-probe experiment is an efficient approach to detect the ultrafast processes of molecules, clusters, and dense media. The dynamics of population and coherence of the system can be theoretically described using density matrix method. In this chapter, for ultrafast processes, we choose to investigate the effect of conical intersection (Cl) on internal conversion (IC) and the theory and numerical calculations of intramolecular vibrational relaxation (IVR). Since the 1970s, the theories of vibrational relaxation have been widely studied [1-7], Until recently, the quantum chemical calculations of anharmonic coefficients of potential-energy surfaces (PESs) have become available [8-10]. In this chapter, we shall use the water dimer (H20)2 and aniline as examples to demonstrate how to apply the adiabatic approximation to calculate the rates of vibrational relaxation. 

It has been shown that the thermal efficiency of the electroosmotic pump is very low. Most of the electric energy put into the electrolyte liquid is dissipated into heat, the so-called Joule heating. In many cases, the mismatch between the theory and the measurement for the pressure is attributed to the Joule heating [5]. 

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