Proto-oncogenes ancestors

The ancestors of vertebrate mammalian proto-oncogenes are functional in the ontogenesis and in the ceU survival pathways of the paramecia, Giardia (Figure 28) and Trichomonas (in the Appendix 1), amphioxus (in the Appendix 1), the sea urchin (Figure 45), and the cnidaria sea anemone, and Ciona intestinalis (in the Appendix 1). 

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