Protein carbohydrate misfolding

This is an extracellular deposition of an insoluble protein, which has adopted a (3-sheet structure due to an unknown event that induced misfolding of unstable proteins. The name amyloid has been given according to the amyloid staining properties, which are similar to carbohydrate deposits, e.g., amyloid can be identified with Congo red and seen under polarized light (birefringence test). 

Diabetes can involve misfolding of proteins that form in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER secretes certain hormones, enzymes, and antibodies, and so is a key player in our health. In some cases, the misfolded proteins interfere with carbohydrate metabolism leading to diabetes. 

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