Projection of Pattern Points on a Hypersphere

FIGURE 13. Projection of a pattern point x on a circle (d-dimensionaL sphere). 

This normalization requires the multiplication of all vector components X. by a factor k. 

FIGURE 14. The distance between the centre of gravity c and the surface of the sphere is a criterion for the tightness of the cluster. All pattern points have been normalized to constant length. 

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