Processes unspontaneous

The process is imderstood as any change in the system state, even if only one of its parameters changes (temperature, volume, pressure, composition, etc.). Hydrogeochemistry studies mostly changes in the composition of natural waters, i.e., chemical processes, which are tied with the action of inter-atomic and inter-molecular forces. A special role in these processes is played by those which cause transformation of one substance into another and are called chemical reaction. All processes, including also chemical reactions, are subdivided first of all into unspontaneous and spontaneous. 

Unspontaneous processes are associated with the acquisition or loss by a limited system of energy or substances as result of outside interference. They are caused by forces which are positioned outside of the system. If the... 

Spontaneous processes are associated with the actions of unbalanced forces within the system and are directed to levelling off of intensive parameters within its boundaries (heat exchange, mass exchange, chemical transformations within the system). They are always directed to restoring of disrupted equilibrium. In the final result, in the absence of unspontaneous processes spontaneous processes lead the system to an equilibrium state. 

Under natural conditions unspontaneous and spontaneous processes, as a rule, proceed simultaneously and are directed against each other. In chemistry their relationships are determined by Le Chatelier principle (Henry Le Chatelier, 1850-1936) if a system at the state of chemical equilibrium is subjected to external action, the systems equilibrium will be offset in the direction of the reaction, which counteracts the external action. 

---