Process-spanning

Comparisons of time scales for various physical processes have been discussed by Lerman (1979) and Schwartzenbach and Imboden (1983). In general, physical processes in lakes have characteristic times in the range of 10 to 10 years. Oceanic processes span times from days to thousands of years (Broecker, 1974)... 

Advances in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry is different from other ion chemistry series in that it focuses on reviews of the author s own work rather than give a generai review of the research area. This allows for presentation of some current work in a timely fashion which marks the unique nature of this series. Emphasis is placed on gas phase ion chemistry in its broadest sense to include ion neutral, ion electron, and ion-ion reactions. These reaction processes span the various disciplines of chemistry and include some of those in physics. Within this scope, both experimental and theoretical contributions are included which deal with a wide variety of areas ranging from fundamental interactions to applications in real media such as Interstellar gas clouds and pleismas used in the etching of semiconductors. The authors are scientists who are leaders in their fields and the series will therefore provide an up-to-date analysis of topics of current importance. This series is suitable for researchers and graduate students working in ion chemistry and related fields and will be an invaluable reference for years to come. The contributions to the series embody the wealth of molecular information that can be obtained by studying chemical reactions between ions, electrons and neutrals in the gas phase. 

Combustion processes span a wide range of temperatures (700-3000 K)... 

In 2004, FDA proposed the critical path initiative to develop a new product development toolkit (e.g., animal- or computer-based predictive models, biomarkers for safety and effectiveness, new clinical evaluation techniques, better manufacturing technologies) to improve the predictability and efficiency of the development process spanning laboratory concept to commercial product (http //www.fda.gov/oc/initiatives/ criticalpath). Three areas, where FDA s unique experience can facilitate improvement and streamlining, were identified ... 

Early successes. It is important to achieve some visible successes early in order to attract interest and stimulate the effort for change. Often in the reform of academic programs, there is a long planning process spanning multiple years. Educational reform is more likely to succeed if there is a spiral process in which early goals are identified, early pilots run, the results reflected upon, and new goals set. Positive outcomes of these early pilots often attract the support and interest of others. These early successes are often the results of the early adopters. 

As a typical multiphase and multiscale process, the research of MTO process spanning molecules, zeohtes, catalyst particles, microscale reactors, and pilot-scale reacton to industrial equipments, cross a wide time and length scales. The development of efficient mesoscale methods are expected for further optimizing the DMTO process and improving fluidized bed reactor design and operation. 

TMD is used for approximate modeling of processes spanning long time-scales and relatively large displacements. 

Education, training, and learning are not simply a number of periodic programs, but a continuous process. This process spans the entire period, from orientation to separation. 

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