Prior art of miniaturized MFCs

A miniaturized MFC with a volume of 1.5 xL which utilized Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was presented by Qian et al. (2009) recording 1.5mWm and 15 Wm . The MFC was later optimized by implementing micro-fluidic channels and soft lithography to have a volume of 4 p.L, producing 6.25 mWand 62.5 Wm (Qian et al., 2011). 

By adding L-cysteine inside the anode chamber to successfully mitigate oxygen intrusion, Choi et al. (2011) constructed a miniaturized MFC producing a power density of 47 mW m /2333 W m . The same group presented the first miniaturized MFC array in a series stack to mark a power output of 100 xW and a power density of 0.33 W m and 667 W m (Choi and Chae, 2012). The open circuit voltage of the MFC array was reported to be as high as 2.47 V 

By improving the mass transfer of substrate into exoelectrogens, a 100 xL MFC was presented by Ren and Chae (Ren and Chae, 2012). A power density of 0.83 Wm and 3320 Wm was reported. Mass transfer was further improved by implementing an ultramicroelectrode (UME), and a record high power density of 7.72 W m , regardless of the size of the MFCs, was achieved (Ren and Chae 2012 Ren et al. 2014). Furthermore, by successfully mitigating the oxygen intrusion 

Reference Volume (total) [p.L] Anode size [cm ]/ material Inoculum Pmax, areal [Wm-2] Pmax, volumetric [Wm-3] CE [%] n [S2 cm ] SAV [m-l] 

Choi et al. (2011a) 9 2.25/gold Geobacter sulfurreducens mixed 0.047 2333 31 22.5 k 50000 

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