Pressure-jump kinetic data

In kinetically labile simple systems it may be assumed that the regularity reflected by the above examples (i.e., that the rate-determining step is the solvent substitution) is of fairly general validity. The high rates of most of these reactions make their investigation difficult this is the reason why reliable experimental data have become available for the interpretation of the solvent effect in this field only since the spreading of the fast kinetic methods (stopped flow, T-jump, pressure jump, etc.). 

Adsorption kinetics will be discussed first. Figure 11A shows the equilibration of the alumina system after the addition of HCl [16]. Figure IIB shows that the adsorption of Cu, with liberation of protons [47], takes about 24 h to reach equilibrium. Figure 11C gives kinetic data for the adsorption of Co, Fe, and Ni ions [54], evidently in equilibrium after about 1 h. On the other hand, pressure jump experiments of Cu adsorption used a time scale of 10 -10 s [55]. These results are mentioned to demonstrate that reactions taking place in the adsorption system may have rates that differ by several orders of magnitude. 

A summary of the results to date pertaining to lipid phase transition kinetics established by TRXRD is presented in Table 1. Included in the table are data obtained using synchrotron X-radiation and a sampling of data collected using conventional X-ray sources. Entries are arranged by the type of trigger used to effect the transition, which includes temperature, pressure and composition. The means by which T-jumps were implemented include fluid flow (air or liquid) around the sample or sample compartment, as well as Peltier, Joule (capacitance) and microwave heating. 

---