Pre-mining concentrations

Table 1. Pre-Mining concentrations in the Alamosa River below the mouth of Wightman Fork (AR 45.4)...

The mean pre-industrial concentration of dissolved Cd in rivers has been estimated to be 45 pM [13]. As a result of anthropogenic contamination, the mean for dissolved Cd measured in all rivers worldwide in the early 1980s was four times higher (200 pM) [14]. Many river systems have much higher Cd concentrations as a result of pollution from industry and historic mining. For example, the mean dissolved Cd concentrations in the Lot and Garonne rivers (which feed the Gironde estuary in France see below) were 1.3 and 0.8 nM, respectively (measured from 1992-1998 [15]). 

The pre-mining water quality for copper and zinc during 11 time is shown in Figures 8-9 and, as for copper, would represent the highest seasonal concentrations for both dissolved and total metals in the Alamosa River downstream of Wightman Fork. Total copper concentrations decrease 1 66%... 

Figure 9. Simulated Pre-mining zinc concentrations during fall.

Continuous monitoring of organ function displays in real-time the clearance profile or concentration of an organ function-specific marker in a pre-deter-mined body compartment. This approach allows the early intervention by clinicians since instantaneous deviation from the established baseline reading may indicate the onset of an anomaly. However, it may not be useful for measuring dynamic functional reserve of the organ because subsequent activities after marker elimination from plasma may not be reflected in the clearance profile. 

The average Cd content of the lithosphere is 0.1 mgkg while the global mean soil concentration has been estimated at 0.5 mgkg Han et al. [16] have estimated that the cumulative amount of Cd extracted from mining from 1860 to 2000 distributed throughout the world s soils equals an addition of 0.3mgkg Cd to pre-industrial soil concentrations. Local sources of Cd... 

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