Potentials of Nonelectrolyte Solutions

In this chapter, we consider a liquid system consisting of r components. Such a system is termed a liquid solution. The system is a nonelectrolyte solution if all the components exist in solution as uncharged species rather than as charged ions. In most solutions, one of the components predominates. This component is called the solvent and the other components are called solutes. 

In this chapter, we apply some of the general principles developed heretofore to a study of the bulk thermodynamic properties of nonelectrolyte solutions. In Sec. 11-1 we discuss conventions for the description of chemical potentials in nonelectrolyte solutions and introduce the concept of an ideal component. In Sec. 11-2, we demonstrate how the concept of solution molecular weight can be introduced into thermodynamics in a natural fashion. Section 11-3 is devoted to a study of the properties of ideal solutions. In Sec. 11-4, we discuss the properties of solutions that can be considered to be ideal when they are dilute but are not necessarily ideal when they are more concentrated. In Sec. 11-5, regular solutions are defined and some of their properties are derived. Section 11-6 is devoted to a study of some of the approximations that prove useful in the derivation of the properties of real solutions. Finally, in Sec. 11-7, some of the experimental techniques utilized for the measurement of chemical potentials and activity coefficients of components in solution are described. 

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This completes our discussion of chemical potentials of nonelectrolyte solutions. 

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