Potato-chip model

The activated sludge process for meat processing wastewater treatment was reported by Annachhatre and Bhamidimarri.37 When a model reactor was operated at an HRT of 5-15 h, a COD removal of more than 85% was achieved. The COD loading for the above performance was 3.2kg COD/(m3d). An SRT of 13 d resulted in almost complete nitrification. El-Gohary et al.30 reported that the activated sludge process reduced the BOD and COD of a potato-chips factory wastewater by 86% and 84%, respectively. The organic loading rate and HRT were reported as 8.9 kg BOD/ (m3d) and 6h, respectively. 

Rodriguez-Saona, L., Wrolstad, R., Pereira, C. (1997). Modeling the contribution of sugar, ascorbic acid, chloro-genic acid and amino acids to non-enzymatic browning of potato chips. Journal of Food Science, 62, 1001-1005. 

Figure 3.5. (a) Photograph of potato chips to model the appearance of defective graphene layers of a surface of an activated carbon, to an adsorbate molecule and (b) slit-like possibility of shape of an adsorption site, as created between defective graphene layers. 

These simple models (almost domestic) demonstrate how the shapes of spaces (porosity) between the potato chips (defective micro-graphene layers) are a direct function of the shapes of the potato chips themselves, that is porosity is dependent on the structure of the solid phase. The models illustrate that because no single potato chip is the same as a second potato chip then every molecular space (adsorption site for an adsorbate molecule) must differ from all others. The non-planarity of the potato chip is demonstrated as well as the fact that the surface of each potato chip is not homogeneous. 

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