Polystyrenes in tetrahydrofuran

Fig A typical gel permeation chromatogram polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran, which Ms/Mw = 2.9. 

Anionic Polymerization of the Strontium Salt of One-Ended Living Polystyrene in Tetrahydrofuran and Tetrahydropyran... 

Using the method outlined above, values of (a), (e), and [ e3/(e)]1/3 = have been calculated for poly (vinyl chloride), poly (vinyl acetate), and polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25 °C, and are shown in Table I. 

The separation of polymers due to thermal diffusion may be quite large. For example, the thermal diffusion ratio for dilute solutions of polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran is around 0.6 K1. This indicates that the change of polystyrene concentration per degree is 60%. The type of solvent and polymer pair may have a considerable effect on both the thermal diffusion ratio and the thermal diffusion coefficient. 

The Mark-Houwink constants for polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran at 25°C are K =6.82 x 10 - cmVg and <3=0.766. The intrinsic viscosity of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the same solvent is given by... 

Figure 2. Effective hydrodynamic radii as a function of polymer concentration for a series of sodium sulfonated polystyrenes In tetrahydrofuran. (Reproduced from ref. 6. Copyright 1987 American Chemical Society.)...

In summary, these solution studies of sodium salts of lightly sulfonated polystyrene In tetrahydrofuran verify the presence of associating polymer behavior In lonomer solutions with nonionizing solvents. The results provide a molecular basis for the understanding of solution viscosity behavior. Individual lonomer colls are observed to retain constant dimensions while associating... 

FIGURE 4.2 Behavior of the experimental propagation rate constant as a function of the concentration [E] of living ends for various salts of living polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran at 298 K. (From Szwarc, M., Carbanions, Living Polymers and Electron Transfer Processes, Interscience Publishers, 1968. With permission.)... 

Jamieson, A. M., and Telford, D., Newtonian viscosity of semi-dilute solutions of polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran, Mocroma/eca/es, 15, 1329-1332 (1982). 

Two data sets that did not include small-c measurements were fit to stretched exponentials, after including dilute solution measurements of Hadgraft, et al. [87] as adjusted for polymer molecular weight and viscosity and temperature of the particular solvent. For brevity, Figures for these more restricted data sets are omitted, von Meerwall, et al. [97] used PFGNMR to measure Dg of 10, 37.4, 179, 498, and 1050 kDa polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran at concentrations 6-700 g/L, and also Dg of tetrahydrofuran and hex-afluorobenzene in the same polymer solutions. Wesson, et al. [98] used FRS to measure Dg of polystyrenes in tetrahydrofuran and benzene. Polystyrenes had M of 32, 46, 105, 130, and 360 kDa, and were observed for 40 < c < 500g/L. Dg covered four orders of magnitude, but only for Dg/Do substantially less than 1. 

Fig. 1 Plots of log XAT vs. log TJ 298 for polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran. The data were gathered using a variety of different ThFFF channels. Values of AT ranged from 30 to 70 K. Source Reproduced with permission from Thermal field-flow fractionation universal calibration Extension for consideration of variation of cold wall temperature, in Anal. Chem. ...

Schulz GV, Baumann H. Thermodynamic behavior, expansion coefficient, and viscosity number of polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran. Makromol Chem 1968 114 122-138. 

Branched Polystyrenes in Tetrahydrofuran in the Dilute and Semidilute Regimes, Macromolecules. 13, 1590-1594 (1980). 

E.D. von Meerwall, E.J.Amis and J.D. Ferry, "Self-Diffusion in Solutions of Polystyrene in Tetrahydrofuran Comparison of... 

E. D. von Meerwall, E. J. Amis, and J. D. Ferry. Self-diffusion in solutions of polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran Comparison of concentration dependences of the diffusion coefficient of polymer, solvent, and a ternary probe component. Macromolecules, 18(1985), 260-266. 

Figure 12.1 Low-shear viscosity of (right to left) 0.39,0.60, 1.80, and 7.80 MDa polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran, using results of Jamieson and Telford(16).

Figure 5 Plots of the propagation constant, kp, for salts of living polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran (THF)vs. 1/[LE]. From Szwarc, M.Adv. Polym. Sc/,1983,49,1-177 reprinted with kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Norio Nemoto, Michael R. Landry, Icksam Noh, Toshiaki Kitano, Jeffrey A. Wesson, and Hyuk Yu, Concentration Dependence of Self-Diffusion Coefficient by Forced Rayleigh Scattering Polystyrene in Tetrahydrofuran , Macromolecules, 18,1985, pp 308-310. 

Fig. 3.24 So/ne typical GPC calibration curves for polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran. The curves are for six different GPC columns packed with gels of porosity (a) 10 A, (b) 10 A, (c) 10" A, (d) 10 A, (e) 500A, (f) 50 A (courtesy of Polymer Laboratories Ltd). In each case the curve is approximately linear over the range of resolvable molar masses.

The polydisperse solutions were prepared by dissolving the appropriate amounts of polystyrene in tetrahydrofuran (Sigma-Aldrich). Electrospinning was conducted on these solutions for at least 6 different concentrations. A monodisperse polymer solution was... 

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