Polymer muscle actuators

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Avci A (2008) Modellierung und Simulation elektroaktiver Polymere im Rahmen der Theorie poroser Medien. Master s Thesis, Universitat Stuttgart Bar-Cohen Y (2001) Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles - Reality, Potential, and Challenges, PM 98, ch. EAP History, Current Status, and Infrastructure, pp. 4-44, SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, USA... 

Bar-Cohen Y (2004) Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscle, 2nd edn. SPIE Press, Bellingham... 

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Electroactive polymers (EAP) n. Polymers that respond to electrical and magnetic stimulus with a significant change in shape and size. An example of an electroactive polymer is poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) that has been used for pressure sensitive (piezoelectricity) devices such as pressure sensors. Also, some polymers respond to photonic and thermal stimulus. Bar-Cohen Y (ed) (2001) Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators as artificial muscles. SPIE Press, Bellingham, Washington. 

Bar-Cohen, Y. Xue, T. Joffe, B. Lih, S.-S. Shahinpoor, M. Simpson, J. Smith, J. WiUis, P. Electroactive polymers (IPMC), low mass muscle actuators. Proc. 1997 SPIE Smart Mater. Struct. Conf., San Diego California, SPIE 3041-76 (1997)... 

Pollack, G. H., Blyakhman, F. A., Reitz, F. B., et al. (2004) Natural Muscle as a Biological System, in Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles Reality, Potential, and Challenges, 2nd edn. (ed. Bar-Cohen, Y.), SPIE Press Monograph, Vol. PM136. 

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