Poly , blue light emitting

J Griiner, PJ Hamer, RH Friend, HJ Huber, U Scherf, and AB Holmes, A high efficiency blue-light-emitting diode based on novel ladder poly(p-phenylene)s, Adv. Mater., 6 748-752, 1994. 

J.A. Mikroyannidis and J.K. Spiliopoulos, Synthesis and optical properties of novel blue-light emitting poly(p-phenylene vinylene) derivatives with pendant oxadiazole and cyano groups, J. Polym. Sci., Part A Polym. Chem., 42 1768-1778, 2004. 

M. Kreyenschmidt, G. Klaemer, T. Fuhrer, J. Ashenhurst, S. Karg, W.D. Chen, V.Y. Lee, J.C. Scott, and R.D. Miller, Thermally stable blue-light-emitting copolymers of poly(alkylfluorene), Macromolecules, 31 1099-1103, 1998. 

Y. Wu, J. Li, Y. Fu, and Z. Bo, Synthesis and extremely stable blue light emitting poly(spirobi-fluorene)s with Suzuki polycondensation, Org. Lett., 6 3485-3487, 2004. 

A.P. Kulkarni and S.A. Jenekhe, Blue light-emitting diodes with good spectral stability based on blends of poly(9,9-dioctyfluorene) interplay between morphology, photophysics, and device performance, Macromolecules, 36 5285-5296, 2003. 

J.-F. Morin, S. Beaupre, M. Leclerc, I. Levesque, and M. D lorio, Blue light-emitting devices from new conjugated poly(iV-substituted-2,7-carbazole) derivatives, Appl. Phys. Lett., 80 341-343, 2002. 

M. Fahlman, J. Birgersson, K. Kaeriyama, andW.R. Salaneck, Poly(2,5-diheptyl-l,4 -phenylene-a/t -2,5-thienylene) a new material for blue-light-emitting diodes, Synth. Met., 75 223-228,1995. 

G. Grem, G. Leditzky, B. Ullrich, and G. Leising, Realization of a blue-light emitting device using poly(p-phenylene), Adv. Mater., 4 36-37, 1992. 

S.-A. Chen and C.-I. Chao, Poly(2-alkoxy-p-phenylene)s as deep-blue light-emitting polymers, Synth. Met., 79 93-96, 1996. 

Y. Yang, Q. Pei, and A.J. Heeger, Efficient blue light-emitting diodes from a soluble poly (p-phenylene) internal field emission measurement of the energy gap in semiconducting polymers, Synth. Met., 78 263-267, 1996. 

D. Marsitzky, J.C. Scott, J.-P. Chen, V.Y. Lee, R.D. Miller, S. Setayesh, and K. Mullen, Poly-2,8-(indenofluorene-co-anthracene) — a colorfast blue-light-emitting random copolymer, Adv. Mater., 13 1096-1099, 2001. 

G. Grem, C. Paar, J. Stampfl, G. Leising, J. Huber, and U. Scherf, Soluble segmented stepladder poly(p-phenylencs) for blue-light-emitting diodes, Chem. Mater., 7 2-4, 1995. 

Phenylene-based polymers are one of the most important classes of conjugated polymers, and have been the subject of extensive research, in particular as the active materials in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [1,2] and polymer lasers [3]. These materials have been of particular interest as potential blue emitters in such devices [4], The discovery of stable blue-light emitting materials is a major goal of research into luminescent polymers [5]. Poly(para-phenylene) (PPP, Scheme 1, 1) is a blue emitter [6], but it is insoluble and so films of PPP have to be prepared via precursor routes [7]. Substitution with long alkyl... 

The first PLEDs based on 3,6-carbazoles was achieved in 1996, by Zuppiroli and coworkers with a poly(7V-butyl-3,6-carbazole) in a single-layer device with ITO and A1 electrodes [123]. Diodes produced blue emission with a low EL performance (.Vext = 0.07% and a few cd/m2 at 15 V). Aiming at increasing the EL performances, five-layers OLEDs based on small molecules were fabricated using carbazole dimers as emitters. A pure blue light-emitting device has been achieved with CIE coordinates a = 0.158, y = 0.169, Apeak = 456nm, a luminance of 1000 cd/m2, luminance efficiency of 4.7 cd/A at 10 V and a r]ext = 33% [125]. 

Yu, W.-L., Pei, J., Huang, W., and Heeger, A. J. 2000. Spiro-functionalized poly-fluorene derivatives as blue light-emitting materials. Adv. Mater. 12 828-831. 

Bilayer LEDs with two blue light-emitting materials, PVK and poly(2-do-decyl-p-phenylene) (C120-PPP), can emit blue or white light, depending on the solvent used in the fabrication of the second layer, C120-PPP. 

Y. Yang, Q. Pei, A. J. Heeger, Efficient Blue Light-Emitting Diodes from a Soluble Poly (Para-Phenylene) Internal Field Emission Measurement of the Energy Gap in Semiconducting Polymers. Synth. Met. 1996, 78, 263-267. 

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