Polarized monochromatic light source

A t)q5ical monochromatic light source is non-polarized. In the case of a phase change A4> that is no longer constant, the E vector will seem to be tracing out ellipses with different orientations. If the changes in A(f> are so... 

A polarimeter consists of a monochromatic light source, a polarizing filter and an analyzing filter (each made of calcite or Polaroid film), and a sample tube (Figure 3.7). If the sample tube is empty, the intensity of the light reaching the eye is at its minimum... 

Imperfections or nonidealities of the optical components in an ellipsometer can cause errors in A and il/. Quantitative analyses of errors have been made by Jerrard for inexactness of the quarter-wave plate, by Azzam and Bashara" for nonideal optical activity of the quarter-wave plate and surface roughness, and by Smith" for finite bandwidths of the monochromatic light source as well as the source polarization. Archer and Shank" and Yolken, Waxier, and Kruger considered the effect of multiple reflection within the compensator plate. It is reported that antireflection coatings on the surfaces of the compensator plate are beneficial. Aspnes" treated in a formal way the first-order effects from... 

In contrast to spectrophotometry, hght-scattering experiments are generally conducted at constant wavelength. Mercury vapor lamps are the most widely used light sources, since the strong lines at 436 and 546 nm are readily isolated by filters to allow monochromatic illumination. Polarizing filters are also included for both the incident and scattered beams so that depolarization can... 

The polarization factor of a common X-ray source emitting unpolarized monochromatic light is... 

Fundamentally, the properties of laser light are concomitants of its coherence, which is in turn a consequence of the nature of stimulated emission. Most of these properties, especially brightness, monochromaticity, directionality, polarization, and coherence itself, are useful (for many applications, indis-pensible) in a spectroscopic light source. The spectroscopic potential of lasers was recognized even before they were invented. Actual applications remained very specialized until tunable lasers were devised. 

The properties required of a laser as a light source are directionality, coherency, intensity, monochromaticity, and polarization. The beam can be focused to small spots, allowing the study of minute samples and surfaces. Large values of output power allow examination of dilute solutions and... 

Monochromatic light from the source is linearly polarized by the initial polarizer, and then allowed to pass through the sample medium. The angle of polarization associated with the light leaving the medium is determined by rotating the analyzer polarizer to the new null position. A variety of photoelectric methods are available which can be used to automatically determine the observed angle of rotation. 

Monochromatic light (in the visible or uv range) is directed through the sample (gas, liquid, crystal, or powder), which must be translucent. Light scattered at 90° or 180° is collected, analyzed, and recorded. The incident light commonly used in modern instruments is from a laser source and may be polarized. The Raman effect involves shifts of frequency of scattered light relative to that from the source... 

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