Polarization in Polar Liquids

Ionic dielectric function in the vicinity of ojj-The )l is defined as the value for when the dielectric function becomes positive again. 

Forces on an electric dipole in an electric field E. The dipole moment p is the product of the charge and the separation or qd. The E-field produces a torque given by p x E = pE sinS that tends to align the dipole with the field. The work required to rotate the dipole through angle d is the integral of the torque from 0 to 0, or —pE cos 6 (assuming U = 0 at 0 = tt/2). 

At thermal equilibrium, the average dipole moment will be given by 

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In the Marcus nomenclature,41 42 the polarization in polar liquids is u- or e-type. The u-type is due to reorientation of molecular dipoles by an... 

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