Polarization hyperpolarization

When evaluated, the summation in Eq. (11) is a rank-one polytensor that represents the potential experienced at molecule A in terms of field components, field gradient components, and so on. This can be used with response properties such as shielding polarizabilities to find property changes dues to electrical influence. The evaluation is analogous to Eq. (11). The incorporation of mutual or back polarization/hyperpolarization requires a self-consistent solution for the induced moments, and this can be done iteratively [170] or if there are no hyperpolarizabilities, it can be done by matrix inversion. 

Using the OPENCORE spectrometer, a research group led by M. Kitagawa in Osaka have developed an experimental setup for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) using electron spins in the photo-excited triplet state. This nuclear hyperpolarization technique, called hereafter triplet DNP,... 

Reduction, neutralization, or change in direction of polarity. 2. Transient reduction in the membrane potential. See Action Potential Hyperpolarization... 

Key Words Dynamic nuclear polarization, DNP, Overhauser effect, Hyperpolarization, Sensitivity enhancement,... 

These limitations of sensitivity and contrast have led researchers to develop hyperpolarization methods, where the nuclear polarization is greatly increased by the manipulation of spin states. Currently, the most general and popular hyperpolarization method is dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), where the much higher polarization of an unpaired electron is transferred to the nuclei of interest. DNP was originally... 

The electron-transport chain is slowed because the inner mitochondrial membrane is hyperpolarized. Without ADP to accept the energy of the proton-motive force, the membrane becomes polarized to such an extent that protons can no longer be pumped. The excess H2O2 is probably due to the fact the superoxide radical is present in higher concentration because the oxygen can no longer be effectively reduced. 

To this end, we shall identify each point x of a set by suitable hyperpolar coordinates of one radial coordinate and n — angle coordinates, where the origin is attached to a specified point c of set A. Here n is the dimension of the underlying space X. In the most common, three-dimensional case, which is important in chemistry, the usual polar coordi-... 

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