Planck quantization development

Modern physics dates from Planck s proposal that en ergy IS quantized which set the stage for the develop ment of quantum mechanics Planck received the 1918 No bel Prize in physics... 

What is not so well known about Einstein is that he made contributions to the development of modern chemistry, particularly to the area of quantum mechanics. The Nobel Prize Committee awarded Einstein the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. His explanation of the photoelectric effect helped to validate Planck s view of quantized energy, and has become the basis of the quantitative laws of photochemistry. 

It is very well known that Einstein, developing Planck s ideas, quantized the electromagnetic field by introducing a quantum particle named the photon. Consequently, each mode or state of a classical electromagnetic field is characterized by an angular frequency, co, and a wave vector,... 

The photoelectric effect was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 using the principles of quantum physics developed by Max Planck. Einstein claimed that light was quantized— that is, it appeared in bundles of energy. While these bundles traveled in waves, certain reactions (like the photoelectric effect) revealed their particulate nature. This theory was further supported in 1923 by... 

The next step in the development of the Bohr model was his assertion that the angular momentum of the electron is quantized. This was an ad hoc assumption designed to produce stable orbits for the electron it had no basis in either classical theory or experimental evidence. The linear momentum of an electron is the product of its mass and its velocity, mgV. The angular momentum, L, is a different quantity that describes rotational motion about an axis. An introduction to angular momentum is provided in Appendix B. For the circular paths of the Bohr model, the angular momentum of the electron is the product of its mass, its velocity, and the radius of the orbit (L = meVr). Bohr postulated that the angular momentum is quantized in integral multiples of / /2tt, where h is Planck s constant ... 

More than a century has passed since Planck discovered that it is possible to explain properties of the blackbody radiation by introducing discrete packets of energy, which we now call photons. The idea of discrete or quantized nature of energy had deep consequences and resulted in development of quantum mechanics. The quantum theory of optical fields is called quantum optics. The construction of lasers in the 1960s gave impulse to rapid development of nonlinear optics with a broad variety of nonlinear optical phenomena that have been... 

Max Planck develops the equation that describes blackbody radiation by introducing the concept of quantization of... 

In relation to the introductory thermodynamic equations of the Stefan-Boltzmann law we note that Max Planck had been a professor of physics since 1889 specializing in thermodynamics. There is a very interesting history of Planck s discovery on the Internet at http //www.daviddarling. info/encyclopedia/Q/quantum theory origins.html. In fact Planck s interest was initially related to an equation he had tried to find relating Boltzmann s entropy to Wein s law. Wein s law was simply that the color of a hot object shifts with temperature and Planck developed the quantized equation to explain Wein s law. Wein s law is just an empirical observation that Planck tried to put on a firm foundation, although Planck approached the problem from a thermodynamic approach. Wien s Law relates the wavelength of the spectral maximum to temperature as [7]... 

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