Piezoelectric transduction

Cyclic photoisomerization of the electron-acceptor between the trans- and cis-states permitted reversible piezoelectric transduction of the formation of the complexes with trans-A,A -bNA, and trans-3,3 -bN A at the monolayer interface, and their dissociation upon photoisomerization to czs-4,4 -bNA and c/s-3,3 -bNA. 

The acoustic-wave sensors considered in this book all utilize piezoelectric transduction, hence the substrates considered are all piezoelectric materials. Section... 

While a thin transduction layer below and/or above the input and output transducers must be piezoelectric, there is no such restriction upon the balance of the substrate. A piezoelectric thin film (such as crystallographically oriented polycrystalline ZnO or AIN) can be deposited on a non-piezoelectric substrate to provide a medium for AW excitation and detection. Thus, (non-piezoelectric) silicon wafers often serve as the substrate for SAW or FPW devices, with piezoelectric transduction provided by a layer of ZnO. Note also that this transduction layer need not extend laterally past the regions in which the IDTs are defined. 

Abstract Recent advances in nucleic acid-based detection coupled to piezoelectric transduction will be reported here. The main aspects involved in the development of nucleic acid sensors are considered the immobilization of the probe, the sample pretreatments (DNA extraction, amplification, denaturation of the amplified material), the sensitivity and specificity, etc. 

DNA sensors based on optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric transduction have been reported for the detection of P35S target sequence [2,20-22,33,34]. 

With the piezoelectric transduction, an RNA aptamer has been used as biorecognition element to develop an aptasensor for the detection of Tat (trans-activator of transcription) protein [9]. 

Other biomolecules, such as antibodies [175-177], DNA [178-180], etc., have attracted much interest in the development of biosensors useful for detection of viruses and genetically transmitted diseases. Few reports have appeared on immobilisation in conducting polymers. A full range of optical, electrochemical and piezoelectric transduction modes aimed at detecting the base pair hybridisation between the immobilised... 

Elvin and Elvin, 2011). For both of these configurations the electrical output depends on the strength of the magnetic field (turns of coil) as well as the relative velocity between cod and magnet. The quality factor, mentioned in the case of piezoelectric transduction, significantly influences the resistance of the generator coil and thus considerably affects the harvested power output. 

Micromechanical resonator has emerged as a promising component for rapidly developing telecommunication systems. These resonators also have a wide range of sensing applications. High-frequency resonators can use capacitive or piezoelectric transduction. To understand the importance of miniaturization, let us consider a cantilever beam. The natural frequency of the beam is given by the relation ... 

An excellent review of earlier developments in DNA biosensors that employ electrochemical and piezoelectric transduction includes specific emphasis on those that have been, or can be, implemented in array formats [10]. The design of recognition materials, probe immobilization methods, hybridization conditions, signal trandsuction, and amphfication methods have been considered. 

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