Physiologic considerations contraction

If a microsystem should interface a regenerating nerve, some basic demands have to be taken into consideration the system must be absolutely non toxic, it must be stable in the physiologic environment for a long time, and the mechanical load on the severed nerve should be as minimal as possible during muscle contraction and limb movement. The neural prostheses should be equipped with multiple electrodes for recording nerve signals and for stimulation of different portions of the nerve. 

Membrane phenomena cover an extremely broad field. Membranes are organized structures especially designed to perform several specific functions. They act as a barrier in living organisms to separate two regions, and they must be able to control the transport of matter. Moreover, alteration in transmembrane potentials can have a profound effect on key physiological processes such as muscle contraction and neuronal activity. In 1875, Gibbs stated the thermodynamic relations that form the basis of membrane equilibria. The theory of ionic membrane equilibrium was developed later by Donnan (1911). From theoretical considerations, Donnan obtained an expression for the electric potential difference, commonly known as the membrane potential between two phases. 

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