Physical vapor deposition, palladium

For industrial application usually such metals as palladium, platinum, iron, ruthenium, cobalt, molybdemun, nickel, either alone or as bimetallic catalyst are used. They are introduced using ion exchange, excess solution impregnation, incipient-wetness impregnation or physical vapor deposition methods. 

The group of Nishimura has evaporated 100 nm thick films of palladium onto both sides of foils of vanadium alloyed with nickel, aluminum and molybdenum in an ultra-high vacuum system equipped for physical vapor deposition [62-66]. 

Pt and Pd nitride nanoparticles have been synthesized by sputtering of the parent metal with N2 plasma [85]. Traditional solid-state synthesis techniques are often unsuccessful in creating Pt/Pd nitrides due to the low M-N bond strength. Physical vapor deposition processes such as sputtering can, however, often produce materials that are not expected thermodynamically due to the nature of the reaction. In this study, platinum and palladium thin films and nanoparticles were... 

Electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) of rhenium on graphite has been demonstrated at The Pennsylvania State University. With EB-PVD technology, two or more materials ean be co-evaporated or deposited in layers to form functionally tailored coatings with improved properties and performance. Because rhenium is compatible not only with carbon but with platinum, palladium, ihodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium, it follows that EB-PVD technology can produce coatings with improved rhenium properties. For instance, deposition by electron-beam co-evaporation of rhenium with iridium will most likely provide high-temperature oxidation resistance. (Note that, presently, high-temperature, 2500 K, oxidation resistance is commercially achieved by vapor deposition of 50- to 250-pm-thick iridium films on rhenium.2... 

The manufacture of dense metal membranes or thin films can be effected by a number of processes casting/rolling, vapor deposition by physical and chemical means, electroplating (or electroforming) and electroless plating. By far, casting in combination with rolling is the predominant preparation and fabrication technique. It is noted that many of these processes have been demonstrated with palladium and its alloys because of their low oxidation propensity. Preparation of dense metal membranes is summarized in some detail as follows. 

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