Physical property tests scanning electron microscopy

Physical properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (dsc) with a Perkin-Elmer DSC-4 instrument and by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (dmta) using a Polymer Laboratories dmta instrument. Stress-strain tests were performed on an Instron Table Model TM-M at a cross-head speed of 1mm min. The Young s modulus was obtained from the tangent of the initial slope of the force vs. elongation curve. Scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.) employed an AMR 900 instrument. Specific experimental details are given elsewhere (9,10,11). 

The characterization techniques of MD membranes are physical methods, which can be divided in two main groups (i) the techniques related to membrane permeation such as liquid and gas flow tests and (ii) the techniques permitting to obtain directly the morphological properties of the membranes, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

---