Physical basics

A flux F is defined as the amount that flows through a unit area per unit of time F = Ag/qAr (q area). Flux in this definition is a vector. However, in general flux in earth system research relates to the movement of a substance between compartments. This looser usage (Chapter 2) is equivalent to a rate (change of mass per time) sometimes, the term specific rate is used in the more exact sense of time-and area-related flux. Generally, the terms rate and flux as well as velocity and speed are often not separated in the literature in such an exact physical sense, but used synonymously. 

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A drug product, therefore, must satisfy stability criteria chemically, toxicologically, therapeutically, and physically. Basic principles in pharmaceutical kinetics can often be applied to anticipate and quantify the... 

Nishikavva. K. and M. Wakaiani Plasma Physics Basic Theon uith Fusimi Applications. Springer-Verlae. Inc.. New York. NY. 2000. 

K. Nishikawa and M. Wakatani, Plasma Physics Basic Theory with Fusion Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 

Although MRA projection images may look much like classic DSA, they are based upon completely different facts. MRA provides a wide variety of examination techniques for different diagnostic purposes. Evaluation and interpretation require experience in the physical basics of the respective method in order to understand potentialities and limitations of MRA. It is particularly important to understand the origin of typical pitfalls and artifacts, which have been pointed out above. 

Additional examples of the application of FRET to proteins are given at the end of the article, after discussing the physical basics of FRET. 

I. Huba , P. Babinec, M. Polasek, J. Urban, P. Mach, J. Masik, and J. Leszczynski, in Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics Basic Problems and Model Systems, Progress in Theoretical Chemistry and Physics 2, ed. A. Hernandez-Laguna, J. Maruani, R. McWeeny, and S. Wilson, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 2000, p. 383. 

Abramov, O.V. and Teumin, 1.1. Solidification of metals. In Physics and Techniques of Powerful Ultrasound. Physical Basics of Ultrasonic Technique. Nauka, Moscow, 1970 Vol. 3, pp. 427-514 (in Russian). 

Although the simulation of ensembles of particles constitutes a huge literature, it is only one aspect of the use of Monte Carlo methods in chemical physics. Basically, whenever one has to calculate integrals over a high-dimensionality space, the Monte Carlo method is potentially the algorithm of choice. Thus, for example, in few-body simulations of chemical reactions, one must integrate over the initial conditions of the reactant molecules, and... 

Fig. 3 Physical basics for the determination of the chemical composition (Briggs and Grant 2003)...

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