Phthalocyanines thiophene

Y-junction carbon nanotubes were prepared by the pyrolysis of nickelocene-thiophene employing the experimental set-up described earlier [1]. Pyrolysis of nickel phthalocyanine-thiophene mixtures was carried out to obtain N-doped carbon nanotubes with Y-junctions. 

Fig. 4. (a) TEM image of N-doped Y-junction carbon nanotubes prepared by the pyrolysis of a Ni-phthalocyanine-thiophene mixture, (b) EEL spectrum showing the presence of doped nitrogen. 

Most of the devices described up to now are based on materials that tend to crystallize [phthalocyanines, porphyrins and perylenetetracarboxydiimids, (59)] [276, 277], or form liquid crystalline phases [278, 279]. With respect to amorphous glasses, light sensitive donor-acceptor type molecules, for example, the p-type triarylamines tris [4-methylphenyl(4-nitrophenyl)ammo]triphenylamine and tris[5-(dimesitylboryl)thiophen-2-yl]triphenylamine have been combined with an n-type material in a double-layer heterostructure [280]. The cells respond to visible light from 400 to 800 nm with overall efficiencies of 0.1%. 

Obirai J, Nyokong T (2005) Synthesis, electrochemical and electrocatalytic behaviour of thiophene-appended cobalt, manganese and zinc phthalocyanine complexes. Electrochim Acta 50(27) 5427-5434... 

FIGURE 9. TEM images of Y-junction nanotubes (a, b) obtained by the pyrolysis of thiophene along with Ni phthalocyanine at1000 °C (c) obtained by the pyrolysis of thiophene along with Fe phthalocyanine at 1000 °C (d) obtained by the pyrolysis of an Fe(CO)5-thiopbene mixture... 

Another way was tried with condensation polymers (41) and (42) obtained from 2,5-diamino-3,4-dicyanthiophen and terephthalic add dichloride or thiophen-2,5-dicarboxal-dehyd . Heating (41) ami (42) with 1,2-dicyanobenzene and Cu(II)-salts at 473-523 K the corresponding phthalocyanines (43), (44) were obtained (Eq. 16). According to IR, elementary analysis and hydrolysis every second unit contains a phthalot anine system. 

Ambipolar behavior has also been observed in BBL and poly(thiophene-3-propionic acid, anunoninm salt).[297] 51a showed n-channel mobihties of 0.04-0.06 cm V s and 0.02-0.03 cm V s for p-channel operation. 51c showed valnes of 0.5-0.7 cm V s for n channel and 1.2-1.7 cm V s for p-channel with on/off ratios between 2 and 50 for devices operated in air. A similar mechanism involving ion-modulated electrochemical conduction, as described above for water soluble phthalocyanines was proposed by the authors. 

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