PHOTON-1 trial

The PHOTON-1 trial evaluated 12-24 weeks of SOF with RBV dosing in subjects with genotype 1, 2, or 3 HCV and HlV-1 coinfection. All genotype 1 persons were treatment naive, whereas some genotype 2 and 3 subjects were treatment experienced. SVR rates were 76% (87/114) with 24 weeks of treatment in genotype 1 subjects, 88% (23/26) with 12 weeks of treatment in genotype 2 persons, and 92% (12/13) with 24 weeks of treatment in genotype 3 persons. 

Burns, M.E. and Arshavsky, V.Y. (2005). Beyond counting photons trials and trends in vertebrate visual transduction. Neuron 48 387-401. 

Koh W, Griffin TW, Laramore GE, et al. Neutron versus photon radiation therapy for inoperable nonsmall cell lung cancer results of a multicenter randomized trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993 27 499-505. 

Figure 11 Clinical loco-regional control in patients treated with mixed (neutron/photon) beams or photons only (RTOG randomized trial) for locally extended prostatic adenocarcinoma. (From Ref. 34.)...

The third approach is the introduction of another type of radiation quality high-LET radiation. Clinical experience with neutrons has demonstrated that high-LET radiations are superior to low-LET radiations for some tumor types or sites. Fast neutrons were indeed the first high-LET radiations to be applied clinically (see Sec. 4.1). Although in the first studies they were applied in suboptimal conditions from a technical or dose distributions point of view, their advantage for some types of tumors is well established, particularly for slowly growing, well-differentiated tumors. Randomized trials have indeed shown their superiority over conventional photons for salivary gland tumors and prostatic adenocarcinomas. 

The control laser. Laser pulse shaping to create trial photonic reagents is an evolving technology with the ability to rapidly go from one pulse shape to another under computer control. 

From a pragmatic viewpoint, there is no need for a model of the photon. One may be content with a description of the particle based entirely on the equations that it obeys. This is a very respectable scientific stance. There is another equally respectable scientific position—try to understand the mathematical equations in relation to a physical model. In previous paragraph we mentioned the attempts of several investigators [30-33]. More recent trials are those of Warburton [34], Fox [35], Scully and Sargent [36], Hunter and Wadlinger [37,38], Evans and Vigier [39], Barbosa and Gonzalez [40], and Lehnert [41]. For additional contemporary models see Hunter et al. [42]. 

Table 1. Basic Quantities in Analyses of CW Laser Scattering for Probability Density Function. In Eq. 1 within the table, F(J) is the photon count distribution obtained over a large number of consecutive short periods. For example, F(3) expresses the fraction of periods during which three photons are detected. The PDF, P(x), characterizes the statistical behavior of a fluctuating concentration. Eq. 1 describes the relationship between Fj and P(x) provided that the effects of dead time and detector imperfections such as multiple pulsing can be neglected. In order to simplify notation, the concentration is expressed in terms of the equivalent average number of counts per period, x. The normalized factorial moments and zero moments of the PDF can be shown to be equal by substitution of Eq.l into Eq.2. The relationship between central and zero moments is established by expansion of (x-a)m in Eq.(4). The trial PDF [Eq.(5)] is composed of a sum of k discrete concentration components of amplitude Ak at density xk. [The functions 5 (x-xk) are delta functions.]...

Now, returning to Pfeifer s model of chirality we see that we have to make a choice of representation when selecting states to use in a Hartree variational calculation of the ground-state of the molecule-radiation field system. In Pfeifer s calculations the trial functions are chosen as coherent states, say t/N based on the photon Fock space n) in the Coulomb gauge theory an inequivalent set of trial functions is obtained by choosing coherent states, ip, based on the gauge-invariant photon Fock space n). One then has to compare the results of two minimization calculations involving, (cf. Eq. 5.4),... 

The safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir were evaluated in five phase 3 trials (NEUTRINO, FISSION, POSITRON, FUSION, and VALENCE) including a total of 1724 HCV mono-infected subjects with genotypes 1-6 CHC and one phase 3 trial (PHOTON-1) with 223 HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects with genotype 1, 2, or 3 CHC. The primary endpoint in these studies was sustained virologic response 12 weeks after completion of therapy (SVR12). 

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