Photochemical Nucleophile-Olefin Combination, Aromatic Substitution

The photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction received considerable attention from many groups not only because of its synthetic value because the yields of nucleophile-olefm-arene (1 1 1) adducts can be high but also because of interesting mechanistic details (Scheme 48). 

The photochemical nucleophile olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction, formulated below for 2,3-dimethylbutene-methanol-p-dicyano-benzene, has some synthetic utility. The final step, loss of cyanide ion, is not shown. 

There has been a study of photo-induced intramolecular cyclization of some o-haloarylheterylamines which may lead to pyridof 1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives.51 Several studies have been reported of photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reactions with fluoride,52 cyanide,53 or acetonitrile54 acting as the nucleophile, hi the example illustrated in Scheme 3,... 

Previously, Ohashi and his co-workers reported the photosubstitution of 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene (TCNB) with toluene via the excitation of the charge-transfer complex between TCNB and toluene [409], The formation of substitution product is explained by the proton transfer from the radical cation of toluene to the radical anion of TCNB followed by the radical coupling and the dehydrocyanation. This type of photosubstitution has been well investigated and a variety of examples are reported. Arnold reported the photoreaction of p-dicyanobenzene (p-DCB) with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene in the presence of phenanthrene in acetonitrile to give l-(4-cyanophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and 3-(4-cyanophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-l-butene [410,411], The addition of methanol into this reaction system affords a methanol-incorporated product. This photoreaction was named the photo-NO-CAS reaction (photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination, aromatic substitution) by Arnold. However, a large number of nucleophile-incorporated photoreactions have been reported as three-component addition reactions via photoinduced electron transfer [19,40,113,114,201,410-425], Some examples are shown in Scheme 120. 

In some cases the nucleophilic capture of a radical cation is followed by coupling with the radical anion (or possibly with the neutral acceptor), resulting ultimately in an aromatic substitution reaction. Thus, irradiation of 1,4-dicyanobenzene in acetonitrile-methanol (3 1) solution containing 2,3-dimethylbutene or several other olefins leads to capture of the olefin radical cation by methanol, followed by coupling of the resulting radical with the sensitizer radical anion. Loss of cyanide ion completes the net substitution reaction [144]. This photochemical nucleophile olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction has shown synthetic utility (in spite of its awkward acronym). 

The photochemical Nucleophile-Olefin Combination, Aromatic Substitution (Photo-NOCAS) reaction, in Handbook of Organic Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2nd edn (eds W. Horspool and F. Lenci), CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 40-1-40-17. 

Arnold, D. R., Chan, M. S. W., McManus, K. A., Photochemical Nucleophile Olefin Combination, Aromatic Substitution (Photo NOCAS) Reaction. 12. Factors Controlling the Regiochemistry of the Reaction with Alcohol as the Nucleophile, Can. J. Chem. 1996, 74, 2143 2166. 

The scope of the photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) reaction has been extended to include cyanide. 

Some interesting photo-NOCAS-type reaction (photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination, aromatic substitution) have been reported by three groups. Arnold has developed the photo-NOCAS reaction as three components photoaddition.Xu et al., reported the intramolecular photocyclization of A-(co-hydroxyalkyl)-tetrachlorophthalimide (138, 141) with alkenes to give medium- and large-ring heterocycles (140,143). These photoreactions proceeded via 1, n-biradicals generated from the nucleophilic attack of alcohols to alkenes between the radical anions of phthalimides and the radical cations of alkenes. 

Arnold, D.R. and Snow, M.S., The photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination, aromatic substitution reaction. Part 2. Cyclic olefins, methanol, 1,4-dicyanobenzene, Can. J. Chem., 66, 3012, 1988. 

Mangion, D. and Arnold, D.R., Photochemical nucleophile-olefin combination, aromatic substitution reaction. Its synthetic development and mechanistic exploration, Acc. Chem. Res., 35, 297, 2002. 

Mangion, D., Arnold, D.R., Cameron, T.S., and Robertson, K.N., The electron transfer photochemistry of allenes with cyanoarenes. Photochemical nucleophile—olefin combination, aromatic substitution (photo-NOCAS) and related reactions, /. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 48, 2001. 

The Photochemical Nucleophile-Olefin Combination, Aromatic Substitution (Photo-NOCAS) Reaction... 

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