Phosphorylation photo

The photo-Arbuzov rearrangement of allyl-, benzyl- and naphtylmethyl-phosphites (Scheme 13), first developed by Bentrude et al. [20], found applications in the preparation of phosphonates (70-90%) [38]. Arylphosphonates have been shown to act as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors [39] or non-hy-drolyzable analogs of phosphorylated tyrosine residues [40]. 

Photosynthetic prokaryotes do not have chloroplasts. Their photosynthetic pigments are embedded in their cell walls. Some use bacteriochlorophyll for light harvesting. In the proteobacteria and archaea, light harvesting is accomplished by the protein rhodopsin, which acts as a photo-driven proton pump that fuels phosphorylation of ADP. 

Ozone has been shown to initiate many physiological and biochemical changes in sensitive plant species. Decreases in photosynthesis and increases and decreases in respiration have occurred in response to ozonation. The bioenergetic status of mitochondria and chloroplasts is disturbed by ozone. Decreases in oxidative- and photo- phosphorylation have been reported as have increases in adenosine triphosphate and total adenylate content of plant tissue. The variable physiological responses appear to be related to the stage of symptom development at the time of analysis and to the mode of ozone exposure, viz. in vivo and in vitro. 

S ATP -I- 338-SKTETSQVAPA-348 <1, 12> (<1, 12> peptide containing the last 11 amino acids of the C-terminal of bovine rhodopsin [20, 24] <1> phosphorylated at Ser-343, about 11% of the rate with rhodopsin, photo-activated rhodopsin-dependent, soluble active kinase catalyzes photoacti-vated rhodopsin-independent peptide phosphorylation [20] <12> only in the presence of photoactivated rhodopsin, which activates RK for peptide phosphorylation, also activated by metarhodopsin III, but not by opsin, up to 60% of the rate with photoactivated rhodopsin, light-dependent phosphorylation [24]) (Reversibility <1,12> [20,24]) [20, 24]... 

ATP -I- peptide <1> (<1> monophosphorylated [7] <1> containing sites phosphorylated in rhodopsin [9, 23] <1> less amount of phosphoryl group incorporation than of rhodopsin [9] <1> corresponding to the C-terminus and loop 5-6 of opsin, poor substrates, phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in each peptide [12] <1> acid-rich peptides, RK prefers acid residues localized to the C-terminal side of the serine [15, 23] <1> low catalytic efficiency of RK toward a peptide containing its major autophosphorylation site [27] <1> acidic peptides, stimulated by photo-lyzed rhodopsin, K-491 of RK participates in substrate binding [33]) (Reversibility <1> [7, 9, 12, 15, 22, 23, 27, 33, 36]) [7, 9, 12, 15, 22, 23, 27, 33, 36]... 

Arnon234 235 demonstrated that additional ATP can be formed in chloroplasts by means of cyclic photo-phosphorylation Electrons from the top of PSI can be recycled according to the dashed lines in Fig. 23-17. 

Calera, M. R, Mata, R., Anaya, A. L, and Lotina-Flennsen, B. 1995. 5-0-(3-D-galactopyranosyl-7-methoxy-3 4 -dihydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin, an inhibitor of photo-phosphorylation in spinach chloroplasts. Photosynth. Res. 45, 105-110... 

The whole process of the light reactions generates a proton gradient across the membrane. This is used for the chemiosmotic production of ATP. This is called Z-scheme (or straight chain) photo-phosphorylation (Fig. 13.10). 

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