Phospholipids amino acid polymerization

Polymeric micelles formed by Pluronics, PEG phospholipid conjugates, PEG-b-polyesters, or PEG-b-poly-L-amino acids were proposed for drug delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds, such as amphotericin B, propofol, paclitaxel, and photosensitizers [77,86,87]. It was also emphasized that using polymeric micelles can significantly increase the drug transport into the brain. 

Vesicle and micelles are considered to be useful models for minimum protocells that had emerged in prebiotic times [200]. One of their properties should have been to sequester other molecules, including macromolecules, for self-replication. A central enigma to be addressed is related to various routes by which the enantiopure homochiral biopolymers were formed within such architectures. Polymerization of NCA of natural hydrophobic amino acids in water in the presence of phospholipids by Luisi et al. [201] has demonstrated that the hydrophobic environment enhances their rate of polymerization. 

Vineland, NJ) or over-the-counter cosmetic creams promoted for improved hydration (L Oreal, Paris and Dior, Paris). More recently, parenteral liposome formulations of amphotericin B, doxorubicin, and dau-norubicin have been approved and marketed (ABELCET, Elan, the Liposome Co., Inc, Princeton, NJ AmBisome and DaunoXome, Nexstar/Fujisawa, Deerfield Park, IL Amphotec and Doxil, Sequus/ Alza, Menlo Park, CA), with others on the horizon for applications in photodynamic therapy. Although the vast majority of liposome preparations are constructed from phospholipids, other nonphospholipid materials can be used either alone or in mixtures to form bilayer arrays. One such example is Amphotec, which utilizes sodium cholesteryl sulfate as the primary lipid. Other liposome forming materials may include but are not limited to fatty-acid compositions, ionized fatty acids, or fatty acyl amino acids, longchain fatty alcohols plus surfactants, ionized lysophospholipids or combinations, non-ionic or ionic surfactants and amphiphiles, alkyl maltosides, a-tocopherol esters, cholesterol esters, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, sorbitan alkyl esters, and polymerized phospholipid compositions. ° ... 

Fluorescence techniques are very sensitive. On a molar basis, the amount of malonaldehyde detected by fluorescence is 10 to 1(X) times more sensitive than the colorimetric TB A assay. However, this method is not specific, as it measures complex mixtures resulting from the interactions of oxidized lipids, unsaturated aldehydes and malonaldehyde with proteins, peptides, amino acids, phospholipids, DNA and nucleic acids. These interactions involve oxidized or polymerized species of proteins or amino acids. The fluorescence method provides a non-speciflc but sensitive measure of oxidative deterioration in complex foods such as meats and fish, which are often difficult to analyse for... 

Yeast and bacteria can produce biosurfactants, biological surfactants from various substrates including sugars, oils, alkanes and wastes [5]. Some types of biosurfactants are glycolipids, lipopeptides, phospholipids, fatty acids, neutral lipids, polymeric and particulate compounds [6]. Most are either anionic or neutral, while only a few with amine groups are cationic. The hydrophobic part of the molecule is based on long-chain fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids or a-alkyl-jS-hydroxy fatty acids. The hydrophilic portion can be a carbohydrate, amino acid, cyclic peptide, phosphate, carboxylic acid or alcohol. 

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